UPSC MainsENGLISH-LITERATURE-PAPER-II202410 Marks150 Words
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Q3.

That girls are raped, that two boys knife a third, Were axioms to him, who'd never heard Of any world where promises were kept, Or one could weep because another wept.

How to Approach

This question requires a literary analysis of the provided excerpt, focusing on the speaker's worldview and its implications. The answer should demonstrate an understanding of the poem's tone, imagery, and the societal commentary it offers. Key points to cover include the speaker’s detachment from empathy, the normalization of violence, and the potential socio-political context informing this perspective. Structure the answer by first establishing the speaker’s cynical outlook, then exploring the consequences of this detachment, and finally, linking it to broader societal issues.

Model Answer

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Introduction

The provided lines paint a stark portrait of a deeply disillusioned individual, seemingly immune to the suffering of others. The speaker’s acceptance of violence and betrayal – “girls are raped, that two boys knife a third” – as ‘axioms’ reveals a profound moral decay. This isn’t merely an observation of harsh realities, but an internalization of them, suggesting a world devoid of hope, compassion, or the expectation of ethical conduct. The lines implicitly critique a society that fosters such cynicism, where basic human decency is absent and promises hold no value. The poem’s power lies in its unsettling depiction of a normalized brutality.

The Speaker’s Detached Worldview

The opening lines immediately establish the speaker’s chilling indifference. The use of the word “axioms” is crucial. Axioms are self-evident truths, foundational principles. By labeling rape and violence as such, the speaker suggests they are not aberrations, but inherent aspects of the world. This isn’t shock or outrage, but a matter-of-fact acceptance. The phrase “who’d never heard” further emphasizes this detachment. The speaker hasn’t been exposed to, or perhaps refuses to acknowledge, alternative realities where kindness and integrity prevail.

The Absence of Empathy

The second couplet highlights the speaker’s inability to connect with the emotional experiences of others. The inability to “weep because another wept” signifies a complete lack of empathy. This isn’t simply a personal failing; it’s a symptom of a broader societal problem. A society that normalizes violence and betrayal inevitably erodes the capacity for compassion. The speaker’s world is one of isolation, where individual suffering holds no significance. This emotional barrenness is presented not as a tragedy, but as a given, a natural consequence of the world he inhabits.

Societal Implications and Critique

The poem implicitly critiques a society that breeds such cynicism. The speaker’s worldview isn’t innate; it’s a product of his environment. The lines suggest a world where institutions have failed, promises are broken, and violence is rampant. This could be interpreted as a commentary on social inequality, political corruption, or the dehumanizing effects of modernity. The poem doesn’t offer solutions, but it forces the reader to confront the uncomfortable possibility that such a world exists, and perhaps, is closer than we think.

Possible Interpretations and Contexts

  • Post-War Disillusionment: The poem’s tone resonates with the disillusionment experienced after major conflicts, where faith in humanity is shattered.
  • Urban Decay: The imagery of violence could reflect the realities of urban environments plagued by crime and social breakdown.
  • Existential Nihilism: The speaker’s worldview aligns with existential nihilism, the belief that life is inherently meaningless and without objective moral values.

Literary Devices and their Impact

The poem’s effectiveness lies in its concise and direct language. The use of short, declarative sentences creates a sense of starkness and inevitability. The lack of figurative language reinforces the speaker’s detached and unemotional tone. The poem’s power isn’t in its beauty, but in its brutal honesty. The rhythm and rhyme scheme, while present, are understated, contributing to the overall sense of bleakness.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the excerpt presents a chilling portrayal of a world stripped of empathy and moral compass. The speaker’s acceptance of violence and betrayal as ‘axioms’ serves as a powerful critique of a society that fosters cynicism and indifference. The poem’s enduring relevance lies in its ability to provoke uncomfortable questions about the nature of humanity and the conditions that lead to moral decay. It is a stark reminder of the importance of compassion, integrity, and the pursuit of a more just and equitable world.

Answer Length

This is a comprehensive model answer for learning purposes and may exceed the word limit. In the exam, always adhere to the prescribed word count.

Additional Resources

Key Definitions

Axiom
A statement or proposition which is regarded as being self-evidently true and requires no proof.
Nihilism
The belief that life is without objective meaning, purpose, or intrinsic value.

Key Statistics

According to the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) data (2022), India reported 86,875 cases of rape.

Source: NCRB, Crime in India Report 2022

Globally, approximately 1 in 3 women experience physical or sexual violence, mostly by an intimate partner.

Source: World Health Organization (WHO), 2021

Examples

The Stanford Prison Experiment

This psychological study (1971) demonstrated how readily individuals can adopt roles and behaviors associated with power and submission, even to the point of inflicting harm on others, highlighting the potential for situational factors to override moral principles.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the significance of the word "never" in the poem?

The word "never" emphasizes the speaker's complete lack of exposure to, or belief in, a world governed by ethical principles and genuine human connection. It suggests a profound and irreversible disillusionment.

Topics Covered

LiteraturePoetrySociologySocial IssuesMoralityApathy