Model Answer
0 min readIntroduction
India shares approximately 15,106.6 km of land border with neighboring countries, with the majority being contested with China (3,488 km) and Pakistan (3,323 km). These borders have been a source of persistent tension, marked by historical disputes, differing perceptions of boundaries, and strategic competition. Recent events, such as the Galwan Valley clash with China in 2020 and continued ceasefire violations along the Line of Control (LoC) with Pakistan, underscore the fragility of peace and the urgent need for robust border management and development. This answer will examine the conflicting issues, security challenges, and developmental efforts undertaken in these sensitive regions.
Conflicting Issues and Security Challenges
With China: The primary dispute revolves around the Line of Actual Control (LAC), particularly in the western (Ladakh), middle (Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh), and eastern (Arunachal Pradesh) sectors. China claims approximately 90,000 sq km of Indian territory in Arunachal Pradesh, referring to it as ‘South Tibet’. The unresolved border issue leads to frequent transgressions, infrastructure build-up, and military standoffs. The Doklam plateau standoff in 2017 and the Galwan Valley clash exemplify these tensions. Security challenges include the potential for escalation, the need for constant military vigilance, and the risk of disrupting trade and connectivity.
With Pakistan: The dispute with Pakistan centers around Jammu and Kashmir, specifically the region of Gilgit-Baltistan and Pakistan-Occupied Kashmir (POK). Pakistan supports cross-border terrorism and infiltration to destabilize J&K. The LoC remains heavily militarized, witnessing frequent ceasefire violations. Security challenges include terrorism, infiltration, proxy war, and the risk of escalation. The Pulwama attack in 2019 and subsequent Balakot airstrike highlight the volatile nature of this border.
Comparative Analysis of Challenges
| Feature | China Border | Pakistan Border |
|---|---|---|
| Nature of Dispute | Territorial Claim (LAC) | Territorial Dispute & Terrorism (J&K) |
| Primary Threat | Border Incursions, Potential for Large-Scale Conflict | Cross-Border Terrorism, Proxy War |
| Military Posture | Infrastructure Build-up, Strategic Positioning | Heavy Militarization, Ceasefire Violations |
| Diplomatic Approach | Bilateral Talks, Confidence-Building Measures | Stalled Dialogue, Third-Party Mediation Attempts |
Border Area Development Programme (BADP)
Launched in 2006 by the Ministry of Home Affairs, the BADP aims to address the socio-economic infrastructure gaps in 196 border blocks of 11 states and 2 Union Territories. The program focuses on improving infrastructure in areas like education, health, livelihood, and connectivity. Funds are allocated to states based on border length, population, and socio-economic indicators. Key components include construction of roads, schools, health facilities, and community centers. As of 2023, over ₹10,000 crore has been allocated under BADP (Source: Ministry of Home Affairs Annual Report 2023-24).
Border Infrastructure and Management (BIM) Scheme
The BIM scheme, launched in 2005 and revised in 2022, focuses on strengthening border infrastructure to enhance surveillance, mobility, and operational effectiveness of border guarding forces (BSF, ITBP, SSB). It encompasses construction of roads, bridges, tunnels, and observation posts. The scheme is implemented by the Ministry of Home Affairs in coordination with state governments and border guarding forces. The BIM scheme also includes provisions for technological upgrades, such as surveillance systems and communication networks. The revised BIM scheme prioritizes the construction of strategic roads and bridges along the northern borders, particularly in the context of the China border dispute. A budget of ₹1300 crore was allocated for BIM in 2023-24 (Source: PIB Press Release, 2023).
Impact of BADP and BIM
- Improved connectivity and accessibility in border areas.
- Enhanced surveillance capabilities and border security.
- Increased economic opportunities and improved living standards for border communities.
- Strengthened infrastructure for border guarding forces.
Conclusion
India’s border security remains a complex challenge, requiring a holistic approach encompassing diplomatic engagement, robust military preparedness, and comprehensive border area development. While the BADP and BIM schemes represent significant steps towards improving infrastructure and security, sustained investment, effective implementation, and coordination between various stakeholders are crucial. Addressing the root causes of conflict, fostering trust-building measures, and prioritizing socio-economic development in border areas are essential for long-term peace and stability. A proactive and multi-pronged strategy is vital to safeguard India’s territorial integrity and promote the well-being of its border populations.
Answer Length
This is a comprehensive model answer for learning purposes and may exceed the word limit. In the exam, always adhere to the prescribed word count.