Consider the following communication technologies: 1. Closed-circuit Television 2. Radio Frequency Identification 3. Wireless Local Area Network Which of the above are considered Short-Range devices/technologies?

Let's evaluate each technology for its range: 1. **Closed-circuit Television (CCTV):** While CCTV systems can be networked over long distances, the cameras themselves and their immediate connections to recorders often involve short-range cabling or localized wireless links. The primary function of a CCTV system is typically local monitoring within a defined, relatively small area (e.g., building, parking lot), making it a short-range technology in its typical deployment. 2. **Radio Frequency Identification (RFID):** RFID systems use electromagnetic fields to automatically identify and track tags attached to objects. The range for RFID is generally short, from a few centimeters (for NFC-like applications) to several meters, depending on the frequency and power of the reader and tag type. It is inherently a short-range technology. 3. **Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN):** WLAN, commonly known as Wi-Fi, is designed to provide wireless internet access or network connectivity over a limited geographical area, such as a home, office, or public hotspot. Its range is typically tens to hundreds of meters, classifying it as a short-range communication technology compared to cellular networks or satellite communication. All three technologies are indeed considered short-range devices or technologies in their common applications and definitions.