Question 52

One of the most profound economic transformations brought about by British rule in India during the 19th century was the commercialization of agriculture. Prior to British rule, Indian agriculture was largely subsistence-oriented, with farmers growing food crops primarily for their own consumption.

Under British policies, driven by the need for raw materials for British industries and revenue generation, there was a significant shift towards the cultivation of cash crops for export, such as indigo, cotton, jute, opium, and sugarcane. Farmers were often coerced or incentivized to grow these commercial crops instead of food grains. This led to a decline in food production, increased rural indebtedness, and made the Indian economy more susceptible to global market fluctuations. This process also contributed to the de-industrialization of traditional Indian handicrafts, rather than their increase in export. The growth of Indian-owned factories was negligible in the 19th century, and while urbanization occurred, it was not the primary economic result of agricultural policies.