Model Answer
0 min readIntroduction
Carnations (Dianthus caryophyllus) are globally significant cut flowers prized for their beauty, longevity, and versatility. Greenhouse cultivation has become paramount for consistent quality and year-round production, overcoming limitations imposed by climate and seasonality. India’s horticulture sector, particularly floriculture, is experiencing significant growth, with carnations being a major export. The National Horticulture Board and the Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare are actively promoting greenhouse cultivation through subsidies and training programs. This response details the production technology for carnations under greenhouse conditions, covering critical aspects from propagation to harvest.
Carnation Production Technology under Greenhouse Conditions
Carnation cultivation in greenhouses necessitates a carefully controlled environment to maximize yield and quality. Here's a breakdown of the key steps:
1. Greenhouse Structure & Environmental Control
- Structure: Typically, polyhouse or glasshouse structures are used. Polyhouses are more economical, while glasshouses offer better light transmission.
- Temperature: Day temperature (18-24°C) and night temperature (8-12°C) are crucial. Temperature fluctuations can affect flower quality and stem length.
- Humidity: Relative humidity (60-70%) is ideal. High humidity promotes fungal diseases. Ventilation and dehumidifiers are used to manage humidity.
- Light: Adequate light is vital for photosynthesis. Shade nets are used to reduce excessive sunlight during summer. Supplemental lighting (LEDs) can be used in areas with low sunlight.
- CO2 Enrichment: Increasing CO2 levels (800-1000 ppm) can enhance photosynthesis and flower production.
2. Propagation
- Method: Carnations are typically propagated through stem cuttings. Rooting hormones (Indole-3-butyric acid - IBA) are used to promote root development.
- Media: Rooting media usually consists of a mix of peat moss, perlite, and vermiculite.
- Duration: Rooting typically takes 2-4 weeks.
3. Nutrient Management
- Fertigation: Nutrients are supplied through the irrigation water (fertigation).
- Fertilizers: Balanced NPK (Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium) fertilizers are essential, along with micronutrients like iron, zinc, and manganese.
- EC & pH: Electrical Conductivity (EC) and pH of the nutrient solution are monitored and adjusted regularly. Optimal EC is 1.8-2.5 mS/cm and pH is 5.5-6.5.
- Hydroponics: While less common, hydroponic systems can be used for carnation production, providing precise nutrient control.
4. Pest & Disease Management
- Common Pests: Aphids, thrips, spider mites, and whiteflies. Biological control (introducing beneficial insects) and chemical pesticides are used.
- Common Diseases: Gray mold (Botrytis cinerea), Fusarium wilt, and root rot. Disease prevention through proper sanitation, ventilation, and fungicide applications is crucial.
- Integrated Pest Management (IPM): A holistic approach combining biological, cultural, and chemical control methods is preferred.
5. Harvesting & Post-Harvest Handling
- Stage: Carnations are harvested when the petals are fully open but before they start to droop.
- Method: Stems are cut cleanly with sharp scissors or knives.
- Post-Harvest: Flowers are graded, packaged, and stored in cold rooms (2-4°C) to maintain freshness and extend vase life. Ethylene inhibitors are sometimes used.
| Parameter | Optimal Range |
|---|---|
| Temperature (Day) | 18-24°C |
| Temperature (Night) | 8-12°C |
| Relative Humidity | 60-70% |
| EC of Nutrient Solution | 1.8-2.5 mS/cm |
| pH of Nutrient Solution | 5.5-6.5 |
Case Study: Floriculture Cluster in Hosur, Tamil Nadu
The Hosur floriculture cluster in Tamil Nadu is a significant producer of carnations, benefiting from government subsidies and access to export markets. Farmers here have adopted drip irrigation, fertigation, and integrated pest management practices. The cluster’s success demonstrates the potential of organized floriculture initiatives to boost production and economic growth. The National Mission on Horticulture (NMH) has been instrumental in supporting this cluster.
Conclusion
Carnation production under greenhouse conditions requires meticulous attention to detail, encompassing environmental control, propagation techniques, nutrient management, and pest & disease control. The adoption of integrated practices and technological advancements, like LED lighting and hydroponics, can significantly enhance yield and quality. Government initiatives supporting floriculture, coupled with farmer training and access to markets, are crucial for the continued growth of the Indian floriculture industry. Future research should focus on developing disease-resistant varieties and optimizing fertigation schedules for enhanced productivity and sustainability.
Answer Length
This is a comprehensive model answer for learning purposes and may exceed the word limit. In the exam, always adhere to the prescribed word count.