UPSC MainsGENERAL-STUDIES-PAPER-III20135 Marks100 Words
Q17.

What is a digital signature ? What does its authentication mean? Give various salient built-in features of a digital signature.

How to Approach

The question requires defining a digital signature, explaining its authentication process, and outlining its key features. A structured approach is best: define digital signatures, explain authentication using cryptography (PKI), and then list the features. Focus on the technical aspects and legal recognition in India (IT Act, 2000). Keep it concise, adhering to the 100-word limit.

Model Answer

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Introduction

A digital signature is a mathematical scheme for verifying the authenticity and integrity of a digital message or document. It’s akin to a handwritten signature but offers greater security. With the increasing reliance on digital transactions, digital signatures have become crucial for establishing trust and non-repudiation in the digital realm. The Information Technology Act, 2000, provides the legal framework for their recognition and validity in India.

What is a Digital Signature?

A digital signature utilizes asymmetric cryptography – a public key and a private key. The sender uses their private key to ‘sign’ the document, creating a unique signature.

Authentication Process

Authentication involves verifying the signature using the sender’s corresponding public key. If the signature matches the document and is validated by a trusted Certificate Authority (CA), it confirms:

  • Authenticity: The sender is who they claim to be.
  • Integrity: The document hasn’t been altered since signing.
  • Non-repudiation: The sender cannot deny having signed the document.

Salient Built-in Features

  • Uniqueness: Each signature is unique to the document and sender.
  • Timestamping: Records the exact time of signing.
  • Encryption: Uses cryptographic algorithms for security.
  • Certificate Authority (CA) Validation: Ensures the legitimacy of the signing certificate.
  • Legal Validity: Recognized under the IT Act, 2000.

Conclusion

Digital signatures are vital for secure digital communication and transactions. Their authentication process, rooted in cryptography and validated by CAs, ensures trust and legal enforceability. As digital adoption grows, the importance of robust digital signature infrastructure will only increase, necessitating continuous advancements in security protocols and regulatory frameworks.

Answer Length

This is a comprehensive model answer for learning purposes and may exceed the word limit. In the exam, always adhere to the prescribed word count.

Additional Resources

Key Definitions

Asymmetric Cryptography
A cryptographic system using a pair of keys – a public key for encryption and a private key for decryption. The public key can be widely distributed, while the private key must be kept secret.
Certificate Authority (CA)
A trusted entity that issues digital certificates, verifying the identity of individuals or organizations and enabling secure communication.

Key Statistics

According to a 2023 report by Statista, the global digital signature market is projected to reach $5.6 billion by 2028.

Source: Statista

As of 2022, approximately 1.2 million digital signature certificates were issued in India (Source: Controller of Certifying Authorities, India).

Source: Controller of Certifying Authorities, India (Knowledge cutoff: 2023)

Examples

e-Filing of Income Tax Returns

The Indian Income Tax Department mandates the use of digital signatures for e-filing of income tax returns, ensuring authenticity and preventing fraudulent submissions.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the difference between a digital signature and an electronic signature?

An electronic signature is a broader term encompassing any electronic means to indicate agreement (e.g., typing a name). A digital signature is a specific type of electronic signature that uses cryptography for enhanced security and legal validity.

Topics Covered

Science & TechnologyGovernanceCybersecurityInformation TechnologyDigital Security