Model Answer
0 min readIntroduction
Motivation, the driving force behind human behavior, exists in various forms. While external incentives like rewards and punishments often steer our actions, a more potent and enduring form of motivation arises from within – intrinsic motivation. This refers to engaging in an activity for the inherent satisfaction, enjoyment, or interest it provides. However, surprisingly, introducing external rewards for activities already enjoyed can sometimes diminish this internal drive. This phenomenon, known as the Overjustification Effect, highlights the complex interplay between intrinsic and extrinsic motivators and forms the core of this discussion.
Defining Intrinsic Motivation
Intrinsic motivation is defined as the motivation to engage in an activity for the activity’s sake. It’s characterized by feelings of enjoyment, interest, and satisfaction. Individuals intrinsically motivated are driven by internal rewards, such as a sense of accomplishment, learning, or personal growth. This contrasts with extrinsic motivation, which stems from external factors like rewards, punishments, or social pressure.
The Overjustification Effect
The Overjustification Effect, first demonstrated by Edward Deci, Lepper, and Greene in 1972, explains why offering external rewards for intrinsically motivating activities can lead to a decrease in intrinsic motivation. The theory posits that when individuals receive external rewards for behaviors they already enjoy, they begin to attribute their motivation to the reward rather than to their inherent interest in the activity.
Psychological Mechanisms
- Shift in Perceived Locus of Control: External rewards shift the perceived locus of control from internal (enjoyment) to external (reward).
- Self-Perception Theory: Individuals infer their attitudes and motivations by observing their own behavior. If they are rewarded for an activity, they may conclude they only engaged in it for the reward.
- Self-Determination Theory (SDT): SDT, developed by Deci and Ryan, emphasizes the importance of autonomy, competence, and relatedness for intrinsic motivation. External rewards can undermine autonomy, leading to decreased intrinsic motivation.
Illustrative Example
Consider a child who loves to draw. They draw because it’s fun and creatively fulfilling. If the parents start offering a reward (e.g., money) for each drawing, the child may begin to view drawing as a means to an end (earning money) rather than an enjoyable activity in itself. Once the reward is removed, the child may draw less frequently or with less enthusiasm than before.
Factors Moderating the Effect
The Overjustification Effect isn’t universal. Several factors can moderate its impact:
- Type of Reward: Tangible rewards (money, prizes) are more likely to undermine intrinsic motivation than intangible rewards (verbal praise, recognition).
- Contingency of Reward: Rewards that are contingent on performing the activity (reward given *only* if the activity is completed) are more detrimental than rewards given regardless of performance.
- Individual Differences: Some individuals are more susceptible to the Overjustification Effect than others.
- Task Characteristics: The effect is stronger for tasks that are already intrinsically motivating.
Real-World Implications
The Overjustification Effect has significant implications for various domains:
- Education: Over-reliance on grades and rewards can diminish students’ intrinsic motivation to learn.
- Workplace: Excessive focus on financial incentives can reduce employees’ enjoyment of their work.
- Parenting: Rewarding children for activities they already enjoy can backfire.
Conclusion
In conclusion, intrinsic motivation is a powerful driver of behavior, fueled by inherent enjoyment and satisfaction. The Overjustification Effect demonstrates that introducing external rewards for intrinsically motivating activities can paradoxically reduce this internal drive by altering perceived locus of control and undermining feelings of autonomy. Understanding this effect is crucial for fostering motivation in various settings, emphasizing the importance of creating environments that support autonomy, competence, and relatedness rather than solely relying on external incentives.
Answer Length
This is a comprehensive model answer for learning purposes and may exceed the word limit. In the exam, always adhere to the prescribed word count.