Model Answer
0 min readIntroduction
In the realm of Indian philosophy, particularly within the Yoga system propounded by Patanjali, the concept of Kleśas (afflictions) forms a crucial understanding of human suffering. These Kleśas are considered the root causes of all pain and bondage, obscuring our true nature (Purusha) and leading to misidentification with the impermanent aspects of existence (Prakriti). The Yoga Sutras meticulously detail these afflictions and provide a path towards their elimination, ultimately leading to liberation (Kaivalya). Understanding Kleśas is therefore fundamental to comprehending the yogic path to self-realization.
Understanding Kleśas
Kleśas, literally meaning ‘afflictions’ or ‘troubles’, are mental states that cause suffering and perpetuate the cycle of birth and death (Samsara). They are not merely negative emotions but deeply ingrained tendencies that cloud our perception and distort reality. Patanjali identifies five primary Kleśas, which are:
- Avidya (Ignorance): This is considered the root Kleśa, the fundamental misunderstanding of reality, mistaking the impermanent for the permanent, the impure for the pure, the painful for the pleasurable, and the non-Self for the Self.
- Asmita (Egoism): The identification of the Self (Purusha) with the intellect (Buddhi) and its modifications, leading to a false sense of ‘I-ness’.
- Raga (Attachment): Clinging to pleasurable experiences and objects, creating a desire for their continuation.
- Dvesha (Aversion): Repulsion towards unpleasant experiences and objects, leading to avoidance and negativity.
- Abhinivesha (Fear of Death): The innate desire to continue living, even in the face of suffering, stemming from a primal instinct for self-preservation.
Categorization and Interrelation of Kleśas
The Kleśas are not isolated entities but are interconnected and build upon each other. Avidya is the foundational Kleśa, giving rise to Asmita, which in turn fuels Raga and Dvesha. Abhinivesha is considered a particularly strong and pervasive Kleśa, inherent in all beings. They can be broadly categorized into:
- Mula Kleśas (Root Kleśas): Avidya, Asmita
- Phala Kleśas (Fruit Kleśas): Raga, Dvesha
- Sthula Kleśa (Gross Kleśa): Abhinivesha
Eliminating the Kleśas: The Yogic Path
Patanjali outlines a systematic eight-limbed path (Ashtanga Yoga) to eliminate the Kleśas and attain liberation. The practices are designed to progressively purify the mind and weaken the grip of these afflictions:
- Yama (Ethical Restraints): Cultivating ethical conduct – non-violence (Ahimsa), truthfulness (Satya), non-stealing (Asteya), continence (Brahmacharya), and non-possessiveness (Aparigraha) – reduces the external manifestations of Kleśas.
- Niyama (Observances): Practicing self-discipline – purity (Saucha), contentment (Santosha), austerity (Tapas), self-study (Svadhyaya), and surrender to a higher power (Ishvara Pranidhana) – strengthens inner resilience against Kleśas.
- Asana (Postures): Physical postures cultivate stability and ease, preparing the body for deeper practices.
- Pranayama (Breath Control): Regulating the breath calms the nervous system and reduces mental fluctuations.
- Pratyahara (Withdrawal of Senses): Turning inward, detaching from external stimuli, reduces the influence of Raga and Dvesha.
- Dharana (Concentration): Focusing the mind on a single point cultivates mental stability and reduces distractions.
- Dhyana (Meditation): Sustained concentration leads to a state of effortless awareness, weakening the hold of Asmita.
- Samadhi (Absorption): Complete absorption in the object of meditation leads to the cessation of mental fluctuations and the realization of one’s true nature, dissolving Avidya and ultimately eliminating all Kleśas.
Specifically addressing each Kleśa:
| Kleśa | Method of Elimination |
|---|---|
| Avidya | Viveka-khyateh (Discrimination between the Real and the Unreal) through self-study and contemplation. |
| Asmita | Consistent practice of detachment (Vairagya) and cultivating a witness consciousness. |
| Raga | Pratipaksha Bhavana (Cultivating opposite thoughts) – replacing attachment with detachment. |
| Dvesha | Pratipaksha Bhavana – replacing aversion with compassion and understanding. |
| Abhinivesha | Understanding the impermanent nature of life and cultivating a sense of acceptance. |
Conclusion
The Kleśas, as identified by Patanjali, represent the core obstacles to human happiness and liberation. Their elimination is not a sudden event but a gradual process achieved through consistent practice of the Ashtanga Yoga. By understanding the nature of these afflictions and diligently applying the yogic techniques, one can progressively purify the mind, weaken the grip of suffering, and ultimately realize one’s true, unconditioned Self. The path requires sustained effort, self-awareness, and a commitment to inner transformation.
Answer Length
This is a comprehensive model answer for learning purposes and may exceed the word limit. In the exam, always adhere to the prescribed word count.