Model Answer
0 min readIntroduction
India’s foreign policy, since independence, has been guided by a complex interplay of factors reflecting its civilizational heritage, geopolitical realities, and developmental aspirations. Rooted in the principles of Panchsheel and Non-Alignment, India’s approach has evolved significantly, particularly in the post-Cold War era and with its growing economic and strategic stature. The recent emphasis on ‘Neighborhood First’ policy and ‘Act East’ policy demonstrates a proactive engagement with its surrounding regions. Understanding the determinants shaping this policy is crucial to comprehending India’s role in the international arena.
Geographical Determinants
India’s strategic location in the Indian Ocean region, bordering several countries, profoundly influences its foreign policy. This necessitates maintaining peaceful relations with neighbours and ensuring maritime security. The long coastline also makes India vulnerable to maritime threats, driving cooperation with littoral states.
- Example: India’s active participation in the Indian Ocean Naval Symposium (IONS) and its focus on capacity building of maritime forces in the region.
Historical Determinants
India’s colonial past and its long history of cultural exchange have shaped its worldview. The legacy of non-alignment, born out of resisting Cold War pressures, continues to influence its independent foreign policy stance. Historical ties with countries like Nepal, Bhutan, and Myanmar also play a significant role.
- Example: The enduring close relationship with Russia, stemming from Soviet-era support, despite Western pressure.
Economic Determinants
India’s economic growth and its increasing dependence on global trade and investment are major drivers of its foreign policy. Securing access to energy resources, markets, and technology are key priorities. The pursuit of economic partnerships influences its engagement with various countries.
- Example: The Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) with the UAE (2022) aimed at boosting trade and investment.
Strategic Determinants
India’s security concerns, particularly regarding border disputes with China and Pakistan, and the rise of terrorism, significantly shape its foreign policy. Maintaining regional stability and countering terrorism are crucial objectives. The need for a strong military and strategic partnerships is paramount.
- Example: The strengthening of strategic partnership with the United States, including defence cooperation and joint military exercises, to counter China’s growing influence.
Ideological and Cultural Determinants
India’s democratic values, its commitment to secularism, and its rich cultural heritage influence its foreign policy. Promoting democracy and human rights abroad, while respecting the sovereignty of other nations, is a key principle. Cultural diplomacy plays a role in fostering goodwill and understanding.
- Example: India’s support for democratic movements and institutions globally, and its promotion of yoga and Ayurveda as soft power tools.
Domestic Political Considerations
Public opinion, parliamentary scrutiny, and the influence of various interest groups also play a role in shaping India’s foreign policy. Domestic political considerations can sometimes constrain or influence foreign policy decisions.
- Example: The debate surrounding the Indus Waters Treaty with Pakistan, often influenced by domestic political sentiments.
| Determinant | Influence | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Geography | Maritime Security, Regional Stability | IONS participation |
| History | Non-Alignment, Existing Relationships | India-Russia ties |
| Economy | Trade, Investment, Resource Access | CEPA with UAE |
| Strategy | Security Concerns, Counter-Terrorism | India-US Strategic Partnership |
Conclusion
In conclusion, India’s foreign policy is a product of a complex interplay of geographical, historical, economic, strategic, ideological, and domestic factors. While historical legacies and strategic concerns remain important, economic considerations are increasingly shaping India’s engagement with the world. A nuanced understanding of these determinants is essential for navigating the evolving global landscape and promoting India’s national interests. The future of India’s foreign policy will likely be characterized by a pragmatic approach, balancing its traditional principles with the demands of a multipolar world.
Answer Length
This is a comprehensive model answer for learning purposes and may exceed the word limit. In the exam, always adhere to the prescribed word count.