Model Answer
0 min readIntroduction
Fred Riggs, a prominent scholar of comparative public administration, is renowned for his attempt to develop a theory applicable to the administrative realities of developing countries. His initial model, the ‘Prismatic-Salaam’ model (1964), aimed to capture the unique characteristics of administration in these contexts. However, Riggs didn’t consider this his final word. Recognizing the limitations and criticisms of his initial framework, he continuously refined his theory over the decades, leading to models like ‘Fused-Prismatic’ and ‘Post-Prismatic’. This constant evolution reflects his commitment to creating a more accurate and useful understanding of public administration in the developing world. This answer will explore the reasons behind these continuous changes, demonstrating how Riggs adapted his theory in pursuit of a more perfect model.
The Initial ‘Prismatic-Salaam’ Model (1964)
Riggs’ initial model, presented in his seminal work ‘Administration in Developing Countries’, sought to move beyond the traditional Western-centric models of public administration. He argued that administrations in developing countries were neither fully ‘Salaam’ (traditional, pre-industrial) nor fully ‘Prismatic’ (a blend of traditional and modern). The ‘Prismatic-Salaam’ model depicted a situation where traditional structures and values significantly influenced modern administrative systems, leading to phenomena like ‘form without substance’, ‘rigidity’, and ‘kaleidoscopic society’. This model highlighted the importance of understanding the socio-cultural context of administration in developing nations.
Criticisms of the ‘Prismatic-Salaam’ Model
The initial model faced several criticisms. Some scholars argued that it was overly deterministic and presented a static view of developing countries. Critics also pointed out that the model lacked empirical support and relied heavily on anecdotal evidence. Furthermore, the concept of ‘form without substance’ was seen as pejorative and failed to acknowledge the genuine efforts towards administrative reform in many developing nations. The model was also accused of being too focused on the negative aspects of developing administrations, neglecting their potential for innovation and adaptation.
The ‘Fused-Prismatic’ Model (1970s)
Responding to these criticisms, Riggs introduced the ‘Fused-Prismatic’ model in the 1970s. This model acknowledged the increasing integration of traditional and modern elements in developing administrations. He argued that the sharp distinction between ‘Salaam’ and ‘Prismatic’ was becoming blurred, and that a more accurate representation was one of fusion. This model emphasized the dynamic interplay between different administrative structures and the emergence of hybrid forms. The ‘Fused-Prismatic’ model also recognized the role of political factors and power dynamics in shaping administrative systems.
The ‘Post-Prismatic’ Model (1980s-1990s)
In the 1980s and 1990s, Riggs further refined his theory with the ‘Post-Prismatic’ model. This model reflected the changing global context, including the rise of globalization, neoliberalism, and the increasing influence of international organizations. Riggs argued that developing countries were undergoing a process of ‘post-prismatic’ transformation, characterized by increased market orientation, decentralization, and a greater emphasis on efficiency and accountability. The ‘Post-Prismatic’ model also acknowledged the growing importance of civil society and the role of non-governmental organizations in public service delivery.
Reasons for Continuous Change
- Empirical Evidence: Riggs consistently sought to refine his theory based on empirical observations and research findings. He acknowledged that his initial model was a starting point and needed to be adjusted as new evidence emerged.
- Scholarly Debate: Riggs actively engaged with the scholarly community and responded to criticisms of his work. He was willing to revise his ideas in light of constructive feedback.
- Changing Context: The socio-political and economic context of developing countries was constantly evolving. Riggs recognized the need to adapt his theory to reflect these changes.
- Theoretical Advancement: Riggs was committed to theoretical advancement and sought to develop a more comprehensive and nuanced understanding of public administration in developing countries.
Table: Evolution of Riggs’ Models
| Model | Year | Key Characteristics | Focus |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prismatic-Salaam | 1964 | Blend of traditional and modern, ‘form without substance’, rigidity | Identifying unique features of developing administrations |
| Fused-Prismatic | 1970s | Integration of traditional and modern, dynamic interplay of structures | Acknowledging the blurring lines between ‘Salaam’ and ‘Prismatic’ |
| Post-Prismatic | 1980s-1990s | Market orientation, decentralization, efficiency, accountability | Reflecting globalization and neoliberal influences |
Conclusion
Fred Riggs’ continuous revision of his theory demonstrates a commendable intellectual honesty and a commitment to understanding the complexities of public administration in developing countries. While no single model can perfectly capture the diverse realities of these nations, Riggs’ evolving framework provides a valuable lens for analyzing administrative systems and identifying challenges and opportunities for reform. His work remains relevant today, reminding us that public administration is a dynamic field that requires constant adaptation and critical reflection. The pursuit of a ‘perfect’ model, though perhaps unattainable, is a worthwhile endeavor that drives theoretical progress and informs practical interventions.
Answer Length
This is a comprehensive model answer for learning purposes and may exceed the word limit. In the exam, always adhere to the prescribed word count.