Model Answer
0 min readIntroduction
The Treaty of Perpetual Peace and Friendship between India and Bhutan, signed in 1949, has been the cornerstone of bilateral relations for over seven decades. Initially intended to provide security and guidance to a newly independent Bhutan, the treaty facilitated economic cooperation and established a unique framework for India’s engagement with its Himalayan neighbor. However, with Bhutan’s increasing self-reliance, evolving regional dynamics, and China’s growing influence, the treaty’s provisions are increasingly viewed as asymmetrical and potentially detrimental to Bhutan’s sovereign interests. A revision, focusing on more pragmatic and realistic obligations, is therefore warranted to ensure a mutually beneficial partnership in the 21st century.
Historical Context and Initial Benefits
The 1949 treaty arose from a period of political uncertainty following British withdrawal from India. Articles 2 and 9 were particularly significant. Article 2 stipulated Bhutan’s guidance by India in foreign affairs, while Article 9 obligated India to provide full support to Bhutan in defense and external relations. This provided Bhutan with crucial security assurances during a volatile period and facilitated its integration into the international community. India provided economic assistance, infrastructure development, and hydropower projects, fostering Bhutan’s socio-economic progress.
Emerging Concerns and Limitations
Despite its initial benefits, the treaty faces several challenges today:
- Asymmetrical Obligations: The treaty is perceived as placing disproportionate obligations on Bhutan, particularly regarding foreign policy and defense. Bhutan’s growing desire for independent foreign policy decision-making clashes with Article 2.
- Economic Dependence: While beneficial, the economic dependence on India, particularly in hydropower, creates vulnerabilities. Disputes over power purchase agreements (PPAs) and tariff revisions have strained relations.
- Border Disputes: While not directly addressed in the treaty, unresolved border disputes with China raise concerns about Bhutan’s security and India’s role in its defense.
- Geopolitical Shifts: China’s increasing economic and political influence in the region necessitates a re-evaluation of the treaty’s security provisions.
Areas for Pragmatic Revision
A revised treaty should focus on the following:
- Foreign Policy: Replace the guidance clause (Article 2) with a framework for consultation and coordination on foreign policy matters, respecting Bhutan’s sovereign right to independent decision-making.
- Defense Cooperation: Shift from a blanket defense obligation (Article 9) to a more nuanced framework for security cooperation, including joint military exercises, intelligence sharing, and capacity building.
- Economic Partnership: Establish transparent and mutually beneficial economic agreements, particularly in the hydropower sector, addressing issues of tariff revisions and environmental sustainability. Diversification of Bhutan’s economy is crucial.
- Border Management: Strengthen cooperation on border management and security, including joint patrols and infrastructure development, while respecting Bhutan’s territorial integrity.
- Dispute Resolution: Establish a clear and effective mechanism for resolving disputes arising from the treaty’s implementation.
The 2007 Revised Treaty
The 2007 revised treaty attempted to address some of these concerns, removing the clause regarding guidance in foreign affairs. However, it retained the defense obligation, which continues to be a point of contention. Further revisions are needed to address the remaining imbalances and reflect the evolving dynamics of the region.
| Feature | 1949 Treaty | 2007 Revised Treaty | Proposed Revision |
|---|---|---|---|
| Foreign Policy | India guides Bhutan’s foreign policy | Removed guidance clause | Consultation & Coordination |
| Defense | India provides full support in defense | Retained defense obligation | Security Cooperation Framework |
| Economic Cooperation | Broad framework for cooperation | Continued focus on hydropower | Diversified & Transparent Agreements |
Conclusion
The Treaty of Perpetual Peace and Friendship between India and Bhutan remains vital for regional stability and prosperity. However, its continued relevance hinges on its ability to adapt to the changing geopolitical landscape and address Bhutan’s legitimate concerns regarding sovereignty and economic independence. A pragmatic revision, focusing on mutual respect, shared interests, and a balanced distribution of obligations, is essential to ensure a strong and enduring partnership between the two countries. Ignoring these concerns risks undermining the trust and goodwill that have characterized India-Bhutan relations for decades.
Answer Length
This is a comprehensive model answer for learning purposes and may exceed the word limit. In the exam, always adhere to the prescribed word count.