Model Answer
0 min readIntroduction
India is highly vulnerable to earthquakes due to its location in a seismically active region, situated on the Indian and Eurasian tectonic plates. Approximately 59% of India’s land area is prone to earthquakes of moderate to high intensity (NDMA, 2019). The convergence of these plates causes frequent seismic activity, posing a significant threat to life and property. Over the last three decades, India has witnessed several devastating earthquakes, underscoring the urgent need for enhanced disaster preparedness and mitigation strategies. This answer will discuss India’s vulnerability and examine major earthquake disasters in the country during this period.
India’s Seismic Vulnerability
India’s vulnerability to earthquakes stems from its unique geological configuration. The country is divided into four seismic zones (II, III, IV, and V) based on the Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale, with Zone V being the most vulnerable. The Himalayan and Andaman-Nicobar regions fall under Zone V, while regions like Gujarat, Bihar, and parts of Maharashtra fall under Zones III and IV.
- Geological Factors: The ongoing collision of the Indian and Eurasian plates creates immense stress, leading to frequent earthquakes.
- Population Density: High population density in vulnerable areas exacerbates the impact of earthquakes.
- Building Codes & Infrastructure: Non-compliance with earthquake-resistant building codes and inadequate infrastructure contribute to widespread damage.
- Lack of Awareness & Preparedness: Limited public awareness and insufficient disaster preparedness measures increase vulnerability.
Major Earthquake Disasters in India (Last Three Decades)
1. Latur Earthquake (1993) – Maharashtra (Zone III)
This 6.4 magnitude earthquake caused widespread devastation in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra. Over 10,000 people lost their lives, and thousands were injured. The earthquake highlighted the vulnerability of rural areas with poorly constructed houses. The disaster led to the formulation of the Disaster Management Act, 2005.
2. Gujarat Earthquake (2001) – Bhuj (Zone V)
The 7.7 magnitude Bhuj earthquake was one of the most devastating in India’s history. It resulted in over 20,000 deaths and caused extensive damage to infrastructure and property. The earthquake exposed the shortcomings in disaster preparedness and the need for stricter enforcement of building codes. Post-earthquake reconstruction efforts focused on building earthquake-resistant structures.
3. Sikkim Earthquake (2011) – Himalayan Region (Zone V)
A 6.9 magnitude earthquake struck Sikkim and surrounding areas, causing significant damage to infrastructure, including roads, bridges, and buildings. While the death toll was relatively lower (around 68), the earthquake highlighted the vulnerability of the Himalayan region to seismic activity. Landslides triggered by the earthquake further complicated rescue and relief operations.
4. Nepal Earthquake (2015) – Impact on India (Zone V)
Although centered in Nepal, the 7.8 magnitude earthquake had significant repercussions in India, particularly in Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal. Over 80 people died in India, and widespread damage occurred to buildings and infrastructure. This event underscored the transboundary nature of earthquake hazards and the need for regional cooperation in disaster management.
5. Manipur Earthquake (2016) – Northeast India (Zone V)
A 6.7 magnitude earthquake struck Manipur, causing significant damage to buildings and infrastructure. The earthquake highlighted the vulnerability of the Northeast region, which lies in a highly seismic zone. The remote location and challenging terrain hampered rescue and relief efforts.
Government Initiatives & Mitigation Measures
- National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA): Established in 2005, the NDMA is the apex body responsible for disaster management in India.
- National Seismic Modernization Program (NSMP): Aims to strengthen seismic monitoring networks and improve earthquake prediction capabilities.
- Building Codes: The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) has formulated earthquake-resistant building codes, but their enforcement remains a challenge.
- Earthquake Risk Atlas of India: Provides detailed information on seismic hazard zones and vulnerability assessments.
Conclusion
India’s vulnerability to earthquake-related hazards is undeniable, given its geological setting and socio-economic conditions. The disasters of the past three decades serve as stark reminders of the need for proactive disaster preparedness, robust infrastructure, and strict enforcement of building codes. Strengthening community resilience through awareness programs, investing in early warning systems, and fostering regional cooperation are crucial steps towards mitigating the impact of future earthquakes. A holistic and integrated approach to disaster management is essential to safeguard lives and livelihoods in earthquake-prone regions.
Answer Length
This is a comprehensive model answer for learning purposes and may exceed the word limit. In the exam, always adhere to the prescribed word count.