Model Answer
0 min readIntroduction
Electoral democracy, at its core, signifies a system of governance where representatives are chosen through free, fair, and transparent elections. India, as the world’s largest democracy, has consistently held elections since 1952, a testament to its commitment to this principle. A crucial pillar supporting this success is the Election Commission of India (ECI), an autonomous constitutional body established in 1950. The ECI’s mandate, enshrined in Article 324 of the Constitution, is to superintend, direct and conduct all elections to Parliament and State Legislatures, and to the offices of President and Vice-President. This answer will explore how the ECI’s status and role have been instrumental in the success of India’s electoral democracy.
The Constitutional Status and Mandate of the ECI
The ECI derives its authority directly from the Constitution, granting it a degree of independence vital for impartial functioning. Article 324 empowers the President to appoint the Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) and other Election Commissioners. While the appointment process has been subject to debate, the constitutional provision itself establishes a framework for an independent body. The ECI’s powers are further reinforced by provisions relating to disqualifications, election offences, and the power to issue directions for ensuring smooth conduct of elections.
Functions of the ECI and their Impact on Electoral Democracy
1. Delimitation of Constituencies
The ECI is responsible for periodically redrawing parliamentary and assembly constituencies based on population changes, ensuring equitable representation. This process, though politically sensitive, is crucial for upholding the principle of ‘one person, one vote’. The Delimitation Act of 2002, based on the 2001 census, is a prime example of this function.
2. Registration of Voters and Electoral Rolls
The ECI maintains and updates the electoral rolls, ensuring that all eligible citizens are registered to vote. Initiatives like the National Electoral Roll Purification (NERP) and the use of technology like Electors Verification Program (EVP) have significantly improved the accuracy and inclusivity of electoral rolls. The introduction of EPIC (Electors Photo Identity Card) has further strengthened voter identification.
3. Conducting Elections – Ensuring Free and Fair Polls
This is the ECI’s most visible function. The ECI ensures the availability of polling stations, security personnel, and election materials. The use of Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs) and Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail (VVPAT) has enhanced transparency and reduced the scope for manipulation. The ECI’s proactive measures to curb voter intimidation and booth capturing have been vital in maintaining the integrity of the electoral process.
4. Enforcement of the Model Code of Conduct (MCC)
The MCC, a set of guidelines issued by the ECI, aims to ensure a level playing field for all political parties during elections. It restricts activities that could influence voters, such as the use of money and muscle power, and prohibits the announcement of new policies that could unduly influence voters. The ECI’s strict enforcement of the MCC has been instrumental in preventing unfair practices and maintaining the fairness of elections. For example, during the 2019 Lok Sabha elections, the ECI seized a record amount of cash and illicit materials, demonstrating its commitment to enforcing the MCC.
5. Addressing Electoral Disputes
The ECI has the power to resolve disputes related to elections, ensuring that grievances are addressed promptly and fairly. While judicial review of ECI decisions is available, the ECI’s independent adjudication of electoral matters strengthens the credibility of the electoral process.
Challenges Faced by the ECI
Despite its successes, the ECI faces several challenges. These include:
- Criminalization of Politics: The presence of candidates with criminal backgrounds poses a threat to the integrity of the electoral process.
- Money Power: The increasing role of money in elections undermines the principle of equal opportunity.
- Misinformation and Fake News: The spread of misinformation and fake news through social media can influence voters and distort the electoral process.
- Political Interference: Concerns regarding political interference in the appointment and functioning of the ECI persist.
Recent Reforms and Way Forward
Recent reforms, such as linking voter IDs with Aadhaar (though currently stayed by the Supreme Court), and efforts to enhance transparency in political funding, are steps in the right direction. Strengthening the ECI’s independence, ensuring greater transparency in the appointment process, and enacting stricter laws to curb the influence of money and muscle power are crucial for further enhancing the credibility and effectiveness of India’s electoral democracy.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the success of electoral democracy in India is inextricably linked to the status and role of the Election Commission of India. Through its constitutional mandate, proactive functions, and commitment to fairness and transparency, the ECI has consistently upheld the integrity of the electoral process. While challenges remain, continued reforms and a commitment to strengthening the ECI’s independence are essential for ensuring that India’s elections remain a cornerstone of its democratic governance.
Answer Length
This is a comprehensive model answer for learning purposes and may exceed the word limit. In the exam, always adhere to the prescribed word count.