Model Answer
0 min readIntroduction
Marriage in India, traditionally viewed as a sacred bond – a *samskara* – extending beyond a mere social contract, is undergoing significant transformation. Rooted in religious and cultural practices, it was historically considered indissoluble and essential for societal continuity and individual fulfillment. However, modern India witnesses rising divorce rates, changing family structures, and evolving individual priorities, leading to questions about whether marriage retains its traditional sacramental value. The increasing emphasis on individual autonomy and the influence of globalization are key factors reshaping perceptions of marriage.
Traditional Understanding of Marriage as a Sacrament
Historically, Hindu marriage (and to a large extent, across other religions in India) was considered one of the sixteen *samskaras* – essential rites of passage. It wasn’t merely a union of two individuals but a joining of two families, aimed at *dharma* (righteous conduct), *artha* (prosperity), *kama* (desire), and *moksha* (liberation). The emphasis was on duties, responsibilities, and lifelong commitment. Arranged marriages, while evolving, were common, prioritizing social compatibility and family lineage. The concept of *apavitra* (impurity) associated with divorce further reinforced the sanctity of the marital bond.
Factors Contributing to a Perceived Loss of Value
Socio-Economic Changes
- Increased Female Education and Economic Independence: Women’s access to education and employment has empowered them to prioritize personal fulfillment and financial security, leading to a greater willingness to exit unhappy or abusive marriages.
- Urbanization and Individualism: Migration to urban centers fosters individualism and weakens traditional community controls, allowing for greater personal freedom in marital choices.
- Rising Divorce Rates: According to the National Family Health Survey-5 (2019-21), the divorce rate in India is around 1.6%, a significant increase from previous decades, though still lower than many Western countries.
Changing Social Norms and Values
- Influence of Western Culture: Exposure to Western media and lifestyles promotes concepts like individual happiness and self-actualization, sometimes at the expense of traditional obligations.
- Live-in Relationships and Pre-marital Sex: The increasing acceptance of live-in relationships and pre-marital sex challenges the traditional view of marriage as the only legitimate context for sexual relationships and family formation.
- Delayed Marriages: Individuals are increasingly delaying marriage to focus on career and personal development, altering the traditional life course.
Legal and Judicial Developments
- Liberalization of Divorce Laws: Amendments to divorce laws, such as the introduction of ‘irretrievable breakdown of marriage’ as a ground for divorce, have made it easier to dissolve marriages.
- Judicial Activism: Courts are increasingly recognizing individual rights and autonomy in marital disputes, sometimes prioritizing individual well-being over traditional societal norms.
Continuing Relevance of Marriage
Despite these changes, marriage continues to be a deeply valued institution in India. It remains the preferred form of family formation for a vast majority of the population. The joint family system, though declining, still provides social and economic support. Moreover, marriage continues to be seen as essential for social status, religious observance, and raising children. The concept of *grihasthashrama* (householder stage) remains central to Hindu philosophy.
| Traditional View | Modern Trends |
|---|---|
| Marriage as a sacred duty | Marriage as a personal choice |
| Family-centric decision making | Individual-centric decision making |
| Indissoluble bond | Divorce as an option |
Conclusion
While the traditional sacramental value of marriage in India is undoubtedly being challenged by socio-economic changes, evolving social norms, and legal developments, it hasn’t entirely disappeared. Marriage is adapting to modern realities, becoming more individual-centric and less bound by rigid societal expectations. The future likely holds a hybrid model, where marriage retains its importance as a social institution but with greater emphasis on individual happiness, equality, and mutual respect. A balanced approach that acknowledges both tradition and modernity is crucial for navigating this evolving landscape.
Answer Length
This is a comprehensive model answer for learning purposes and may exceed the word limit. In the exam, always adhere to the prescribed word count.