Model Answer
0 min readIntroduction
The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO), founded in 2001, was initially envisioned as a security bloc to counter terrorism and extremism in Central Asia. However, the organization is increasingly beset by internal contradictions, leading to a situation where a ‘virus of conflict’ threatens its efficacy. These conflicts stem from geopolitical rivalries, particularly the complex relationship between Russia and China, and the historical tensions between India and Pakistan. The recent war in Ukraine and differing stances on global issues have further exacerbated these divisions. India, as a key member, possesses a unique position to play a constructive role in mitigating these problems and fostering greater cooperation within the SCO.
Sources of Conflict within the SCO
The SCO faces several challenges that contribute to the ‘virus of conflict’:
- Russia-China Dynamics: While presenting a united front, Russia and China have competing interests in Central Asia, particularly regarding economic influence and political control.
- India-Pakistan Relations: Historical animosity and ongoing disputes, such as the Kashmir issue, continue to strain relations between India and Pakistan, hindering broader SCO cooperation.
- Geopolitical Alignments: Differing stances on issues like the Ukraine conflict, the US role in Afghanistan, and the Indo-Pacific strategy create divisions within the organization.
- Terrorism & Extremism: While counter-terrorism is a core SCO objective, disagreements exist on defining ‘terrorism’ and addressing specific groups operating in the region.
India’s Role in Mitigating Problems
India can play a significant role in mitigating these conflicts through a multi-pronged approach:
1. Promoting Multilateralism and Dialogue
India consistently advocates for a rules-based international order and multilateralism. Within the SCO, it can actively promote dialogue and consensus-building among member states, encouraging them to address their differences through peaceful negotiations. India’s ‘Neighborhood First’ policy can be extended to SCO members, fostering trust and understanding.
2. Strengthening Counter-Terrorism Cooperation
India has been a strong proponent of enhanced counter-terrorism cooperation within the SCO. It can leverage its intelligence-sharing capabilities and expertise in counter-terrorism to help the organization effectively address the threat of terrorism and extremism in the region. India’s push for a Comprehensive Convention on International Terrorism (CCIT) at the UN aligns with this objective.
3. Fostering Economic Partnerships
India can promote economic cooperation within the SCO by advocating for initiatives that benefit all member states. This includes supporting connectivity projects like the International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC) which bypasses Pakistan, and promoting trade and investment flows. India’s growing economy and market provide opportunities for SCO members.
4. Championing Inclusive Connectivity
India emphasizes the importance of connectivity projects that are transparent, inclusive, and respect the sovereignty of all nations. It can advocate for projects that adhere to these principles, countering China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) which has raised concerns about debt traps and strategic influence. India’s focus on projects like Chabahar Port (Iran) demonstrates this approach.
5. Leveraging Soft Power and Cultural Diplomacy
India’s rich cultural heritage and soft power can be utilized to build bridges with other SCO members. Promoting cultural exchanges, educational programs, and people-to-people contacts can foster greater understanding and trust.
Limitations and Challenges
Despite its potential, India faces certain limitations:
- China’s Dominance: China’s economic and political influence within the SCO is substantial, potentially limiting India’s ability to shape the organization’s agenda.
- Pakistan Factor: Continued tensions with Pakistan can hinder India’s efforts to build consensus and promote cooperation within the SCO.
- Russia’s Priorities: Russia’s focus on its own strategic interests may not always align with India’s priorities.
Conclusion
The SCO is at a critical juncture, facing internal challenges that threaten its long-term viability. India, with its commitment to multilateralism, counter-terrorism, and inclusive development, is well-positioned to play a constructive role in mitigating these conflicts. However, navigating the complex geopolitical landscape and addressing the limitations posed by China and Pakistan will be crucial for India’s success. A proactive and nuanced approach, focused on building trust and fostering cooperation, is essential to ensure the SCO remains a relevant and effective organization.
Answer Length
This is a comprehensive model answer for learning purposes and may exceed the word limit. In the exam, always adhere to the prescribed word count.