Model Answer
0 min readIntroduction
Wetlands are highly productive ecosystems that provide a multitude of ecological services, including water purification, flood control, carbon sequestration, and biodiversity support. They are transitional zones between terrestrial and aquatic systems, encompassing marshes, swamps, bogs, and mangroves. Recognizing their crucial role, the Government of India initiated the National Wetland Conservation Programme (NWCP) in 1985, with amendments and continuations over the years. This programme aims to conserve and wisely use wetlands in the country, addressing the growing threats to these vital ecosystems. The identification of Wetlands of International Importance under the Ramsar Convention is a key component of this conservation effort.
National Wetland Conservation Programme (NWCP)
The NWCP is implemented by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC). Its primary objectives include:
- Conservation of wetlands: Identifying and protecting ecologically significant wetlands.
- Wise use of wetlands: Promoting sustainable use of wetland resources for local communities.
- Capacity building: Enhancing awareness and skills related to wetland conservation.
- Research and monitoring: Conducting scientific studies to understand wetland ecosystems and their changes.
The NWCP operates through two main components:
- Centrally Sponsored Scheme: Provides financial assistance to State Governments for wetland conservation activities.
- National Plan for Wetland Conservation: Focuses on intensive conservation of specific wetlands identified as being of national importance.
Key Features & Recent Developments
The NWCP has undergone revisions over time. A significant change was the integration of a component for wetland health monitoring. The programme emphasizes a community-based approach, involving local communities in conservation efforts. Recent focus has been on integrated management plans for wetlands, incorporating ecological, socio-economic, and hydrological considerations. As of 2022, the NWCP has supported conservation efforts in numerous wetlands across the country.
Ramsar Sites in India
The Ramsar Convention, signed in 1971, provides a framework for the conservation and wise use of wetlands. Wetlands designated under the Ramsar Convention are considered Wetlands of International Importance. India is a signatory to the Ramsar Convention and has designated numerous wetlands as Ramsar sites. As of November 2023, India has 75 Ramsar sites, the highest in South Asia.
Here are a few prominent examples:
- Chilika Lake (Odisha): Asia’s largest brackish water lagoon, supporting a vast array of migratory birds.
- Keoladeo National Park (Rajasthan): A man-made wetland, renowned for its avian fauna, particularly migratory ducks and herons.
- Sundarbans (West Bengal): The world’s largest mangrove forest, providing crucial habitat for the Bengal tiger and other endangered species.
- Loktak Lake (Manipur): Famous for its floating phumdis (vegetative mats) and its role in regulating water flow.
- Vembanad-Kol Wetland (Kerala): A large estuarine system supporting diverse aquatic life and providing livelihood opportunities for local communities.
- Khijadia Bird Sanctuary (Gujarat): A coastal wetland with a unique mix of freshwater and saltwater habitats, attracting a large number of migratory birds.
| Ramsar Site | State | Ecological Significance |
|---|---|---|
| Chilika Lake | Odisha | Largest brackish water lagoon in Asia; migratory bird hotspot |
| Keoladeo National Park | Rajasthan | Important breeding and feeding ground for migratory birds |
| Sundarbans | West Bengal | Largest mangrove forest; habitat for Bengal tiger |
Conclusion
The National Wetland Conservation Programme has been instrumental in raising awareness and promoting conservation efforts for wetlands in India. The increasing number of Ramsar sites demonstrates India’s commitment to international wetland conservation. However, challenges remain, including encroachment, pollution, and climate change impacts. Strengthening community participation, enhancing monitoring mechanisms, and integrating wetland conservation into broader development planning are crucial for ensuring the long-term sustainability of these vital ecosystems. A holistic and integrated approach is essential to safeguard India’s wetland heritage for future generations.
Answer Length
This is a comprehensive model answer for learning purposes and may exceed the word limit. In the exam, always adhere to the prescribed word count.