UPSC Mains GEOLOGY-PAPER-II 2024

What are the different types of rotational axes of symmetry present in a crystal? What are the different types of twinning observed in quartz?

How does one define "Double refraction" and "Birefringence" of an anisotropic mineral? Write with the help of suitable sketches.

Show diagrammatically the characteristics of binary eutectic system under 1 atmosphere (1 atm pressure). How does one explain the formation of porphyritic basic rock with phenocryst of plagioclase in a groundmass with plagioclase and clinopyroxene with the help of a suitable binary eutectic system?

Explain the processes involved in magmatic differentiation.

With the help of suitable diagrams, describe Folk's graphic classification of carbonate rocks.

What are the symmetry elements present in the normal class of an isometric system? Write the Hermann-Mauguin notation of the normal class of isometric system. Plot the face (hkl) and deduce the form generated by operation of symmetry elements from the face (hkl) on a stereogram of the normal class of isometric system.

Draw and describe the structure of mica group of minerals. Describe the chemical composition and optical properties of minerals of mica group.

Define polymorphism and discuss different types of polymorphic transitions. What are the different types of polymorphs of SiO2 and Al2SiO5?

Describe the mineral reactions in prograde metamorphism of argillaceous sedimentary rocks with appropriate diagrams.

Write the mineralogy and texture of basalt. How does basaltic magma form in deep earth?

Discuss the process of magma generation in the Earth's interior and its causes.

Discuss the various factors that control the composition of sandstone.

What do you understand by facies model? Describe the facies and facies association produced in a fluvial environment.

What are heavy minerals? Describe methods of their separation and comment on the utility of heavy mineral suite in provenance interpretation.

Give an account of the geology and the process of formation of aluminium mineral deposits of India.

What are the Iron-Titanium oxides associated with igneous rocks? Add an account of their mineral associations and textures.

What is the difference between prospecting and exploration? Explain the various techniques of sampling.

Discuss briefly about the abundance of elements in the Universe. State Oddo-Harkins rule with examples.

Describe the natural hazards due to earthquakes. Discuss the mitigation aspects of earthquake hazards.

Explain the various peculiarities inherent in the mineral industry.

What is mineral conservation? Explain how it can be achieved.

Describe the classification of magmatic deposits and add a note on "late magmatic deposits".

What is the difference between a sample and a specimen?

Describe the classification of mineral reserves.

What are the different marine mineral resources?

What is the principle and nature of construction of Wilfley Table? Which mineral product is separated in tabling?

What do you know about 'Neyveli Lignite Mine'? Enumerate the methodology of mining and machinery under use in this mine, with neat sketches.

What are the different layers in the Earth's interior? How is the layered structure of the Earth determined? Name two most abundant elements of each layer of the Earth.

Define major, minor and trace elements. Write briefly about the characteristics of lithophile, chalcophile, siderophile and atmophile elements with examples. Why are trace elements considered more efficient than major elements in understanding the Earth's processes?

Discuss in detail the pollution of surface water and groundwater due to mining activities.