Model Answer
0 min readIntroduction
Environmental governance in India has undergone a significant transformation, largely propelled by the persistent efforts of various environmental movements. Initially focused on localized conservation issues, these movements have evolved to address broader concerns like industrial pollution, deforestation, and biodiversity loss. The Chipko Movement of the 1970s is often considered a watershed moment, marking the beginning of organized environmental activism in India. These movements haven’t merely protested environmental degradation; they have actively shaped public discourse, influenced policy formulation, and contributed to the development of a more robust environmental legal framework. This answer will explore the role of these movements in shaping India’s environmental governance landscape.
Early Phase: Localized Resistance & Conservation (Pre-1980s)
The initial phase of environmental movements in India was characterized by localized resistance to specific projects and a focus on conservation. These movements were often rooted in traditional ecological knowledge and community-based resource management.
- Chipko Movement (1973): This movement, originating in Uttarakhand, protested against deforestation and advocated for the protection of trees through hugging them. It highlighted the crucial role of local communities in forest conservation and influenced the Forest Conservation Act, 1980.
- Silent Valley Project (1970s-80s): This movement opposed the construction of a hydroelectric project in the Silent Valley National Park in Kerala, emphasizing the importance of preserving biodiversity and fragile ecosystems. It led to the project being abandoned and contributed to increased awareness about the ecological value of protected areas.
- Jungle Bachao Andolan (1980s): This movement in Bihar focused on preventing the felling of forests for industrial purposes, particularly for a paper mill. It demonstrated the link between deforestation and the livelihoods of local communities.
The Rise of Environmental Activism & Public Interest Litigation (1980s-1990s)
The 1980s and 1990s witnessed a surge in environmental activism, fueled by increasing awareness of environmental issues and the emergence of Public Interest Litigation (PIL) as a powerful tool for environmental justice.
- Meghalaya Anti-Dam Movements: Protests against large dam projects in Meghalaya highlighted the displacement of indigenous communities and the environmental impacts of such projects.
- PIL & Landmark Judgments: Lawyers like M.C. Mehta played a pivotal role in filing PILs related to pollution control, forest conservation, and environmental protection. Landmark judgments like the MC Mehta v. Union of India (1987) – Oleum Gas Leak case established the principle of ‘Strict Liability’ and ‘Absolute Liability’ for hazardous industries. The Vellore Citizens Welfare Forum v. Union of India (1996) established the ‘Polluter Pays’ principle.
- Bhopal Gas Tragedy (1984): While a disaster, it galvanized environmental activism and led to demands for stricter regulations on hazardous industries and improved disaster management protocols.
Contemporary Environmental Movements & Governance (2000s – Present)
Contemporary environmental movements in India are characterized by a broader scope, addressing issues like climate change, sustainable development, and environmental justice. They often employ innovative strategies, including social media campaigns and grassroots mobilization.
- Narmada Bachao Andolan (NBA): Continued protests against the Sardar Sarovar Dam project, raising concerns about displacement, rehabilitation, and environmental impacts.
- Anti-Mining Movements: Movements against mining projects in states like Odisha and Chhattisgarh, highlighting the impacts on tribal communities, forests, and water resources.
- Coastal Zone Management & Fisherfolk Movements: Protests against port development and industrial projects along the coastline, emphasizing the protection of marine ecosystems and the livelihoods of fisherfolk.
- Influence on Policy & Legislation: Movements have contributed to the strengthening of environmental laws and regulations, including the Environment Protection Act, 1986, the National Green Tribunal Act, 2010, and amendments to the Forest Rights Act, 2006.
Impact on Environmental Governance
| Area of Governance | Impact of Environmental Movements |
|---|---|
| Legislation | Influenced the enactment of key environmental laws like the EPA, FRA, and NGT Act. |
| Judicial Activism | Led to landmark judgments establishing principles of environmental law (Strict Liability, Polluter Pays). |
| Institutional Mechanisms | Contributed to the establishment of the NGT and strengthened the role of the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC). |
| Public Awareness | Increased public awareness about environmental issues and fostered a culture of environmental responsibility. |
Conclusion
Environmental movements have been instrumental in shaping environmental governance in India, evolving from localized protests to broader campaigns for environmental justice and sustainability. They have not only influenced policy and legislation but have also empowered communities to participate in environmental decision-making. However, challenges remain, including the implementation of environmental laws, addressing the impacts of climate change, and ensuring equitable access to environmental resources. Continued engagement of civil society, coupled with strong political will, is crucial for achieving a truly sustainable and environmentally just future for India.
Answer Length
This is a comprehensive model answer for learning purposes and may exceed the word limit. In the exam, always adhere to the prescribed word count.