Model Answer
0 min readIntroduction
Ethnic conflict, a persistent feature of the international landscape, is rarely solely attributable to primordial hatreds. Often, underlying socio-economic and political factors play a crucial role in exacerbating tensions. Relative deprivation, a concept central to understanding these dynamics, posits that conflict arises not from objective disadvantage, but from the *perception* of being disadvantaged compared to others. This perception, whether real or imagined, can be a potent catalyst for unrest. The rise of identity politics and increasing global inequalities have made relative deprivation a particularly salient driver of ethnic conflict in the 21st century, as seen in various regions from the Balkans to Africa and beyond.
Understanding Relative Deprivation
Relative deprivation theory, initially developed by sociologist Robert K. Merton in 1968, suggests that individuals and groups feel frustrated when they perceive a gap between their expectations and their actual achievements. This gap is not necessarily based on objective poverty, but on a comparison with reference groups – those perceived as more fortunate. There are two main types:
- Individual Relative Deprivation: An individual feels deprived when comparing their situation to others within the same society.
- Group Relative Deprivation: A collective feeling of deprivation experienced by members of a particular ethnic, religious, or social group. This is more potent in fueling conflict.
Mechanisms Linking Relative Deprivation to Ethnic Conflict
Relative deprivation doesn’t automatically translate into conflict. Several mechanisms mediate this relationship:
- Grievance Mobilization: Leaders and political entrepreneurs exploit feelings of relative deprivation to mobilize support for their cause. They frame grievances in ethnic terms, emphasizing the perceived injustices suffered by the group.
- Identity Politics: Relative deprivation often reinforces and intensifies ethnic identities. When economic or political opportunities are limited, individuals may turn to their ethnic group for support and solidarity, leading to increased in-group cohesion and out-group hostility.
- Resource Scarcity: Competition for scarce resources (land, water, jobs) can exacerbate feelings of relative deprivation, particularly when these resources are unevenly distributed along ethnic lines.
- Political Exclusion: When an ethnic group is systematically excluded from political power and decision-making processes, it can foster a sense of relative deprivation and resentment.
Case Studies Illustrating the Link
1. Rwanda Genocide (1994)
The Rwandan genocide provides a stark example of how relative deprivation fueled ethnic conflict. The Hutu majority felt increasingly marginalized by the Tutsi minority, who held disproportionate economic and political power. This perception of relative deprivation, coupled with decades of ethnic tensions and political manipulation, led to the horrific violence of 1994. The economic downturn in the late 1980s and early 1990s further exacerbated these feelings.
2. Yugoslavia (1990s)
The breakup of Yugoslavia was characterized by intense ethnic conflict, driven in part by relative deprivation. Serbs in Croatia and Bosnia felt economically and politically disadvantaged compared to Croats and Bosniaks, respectively. Serbian nationalist leaders skillfully exploited these grievances, portraying Serbs as victims of discrimination and advocating for the creation of a “Greater Serbia.” The economic disparities between republics within Yugoslavia also played a significant role.
3. Sri Lanka Civil War (1983-2009)
The long-running conflict in Sri Lanka between the Sinhalese majority and the Tamil minority was rooted in a sense of relative deprivation among the Tamils. Discriminatory policies in education, employment, and language favored the Sinhalese, leading to Tamil feelings of marginalization and injustice. The demand for a separate Tamil state was a direct response to this perceived deprivation.
4. Nigeria – Biafran War (1967-1970)
The Biafran War was triggered by the perceived marginalization and discrimination against the Igbo people of Eastern Nigeria. The Igbo felt economically disadvantaged and politically underrepresented in the federal government, leading to secessionist sentiments and ultimately, armed conflict. The discovery of oil in the Niger Delta, and its unequal distribution, further fueled these tensions.
Other Contributing Factors
While relative deprivation is a significant factor, it’s crucial to acknowledge that ethnic conflict is rarely caused by a single factor. Other contributing factors include:
- Historical Grievances: Past injustices and historical animosities can create a climate of mistrust and resentment.
- Political Manipulation: Leaders can deliberately exploit ethnic divisions for political gain.
- Weak Institutions: Weak governance, corruption, and lack of rule of law can exacerbate inequalities and create opportunities for conflict.
- External Interference: Foreign powers can sometimes exacerbate ethnic tensions by providing support to one side or the other.
Conclusion
In conclusion, relative deprivation is undeniably a major source of ethnic conflict. The perception of being disadvantaged compared to others, particularly when coupled with grievance mobilization, identity politics, and resource scarcity, can create a volatile environment ripe for unrest. However, it is essential to recognize that relative deprivation operates in conjunction with other factors, such as historical grievances, political manipulation, and weak institutions. Addressing these underlying issues, promoting inclusive governance, and fostering economic development are crucial steps towards preventing and resolving ethnic conflicts globally.
Answer Length
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