UPSC Prelims 2024·GS1·science-and-technology·science and technology

"Membrane Bioreactors" are often discussed in the context of:

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Last updated 23 May 2026, 3:31 pm IST
  1. AAssisted reproductive technologies
  2. BDrug delivery nanotechnologies
  3. CVaccine production technologies
  4. DWastewater treatment technologiesCorrect

Explanation

"Membrane Bioreactors" (MBRs) are indeed most commonly discussed in the context of **wastewater treatment technologies**. An MBR system combines a conventional activated sludge biological treatment process with a membrane filtration process (like microfiltration or ultrafiltration). The membranes separate the treated water from the activated sludge, eliminating the need for conventional secondary clarifiers and tertiary filtration. This results in high-quality effluent, a smaller footprint for treatment plants, and the ability to handle higher concentrations of solids. While 'bioreactors' are used in other fields like biotechnology (e.g., for vaccine production or cell culture), the specific term "Membrane Bioreactors" when used in environmental discourse almost exclusively refers to their application in water and wastewater treatment.
science-and-technology: "Membrane Bioreactors" are often discussed in the context of
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