Model Answer
0 min readIntroduction
The India-China relationship, often characterized as a ‘complex interweaving of cooperation and competition’, has witnessed periods of cordiality interspersed with significant tensions. Recent events, particularly the Galwan Valley clash in 2020, have underscored the fragility of this relationship. While economic ties have deepened, underlying issues related to the unresolved border dispute, differing strategic visions, and growing geopolitical rivalry continue to fuel mistrust. Understanding the root causes of these tensions is crucial for formulating effective strategies to improve bilateral relations and ensure regional stability.
Main Causes of Tension
1. Historical and Border Disputes
The primary source of tension remains the unresolved border dispute. The Line of Actual Control (LAC), a 3,488 km frontier, is not clearly demarcated, leading to differing perceptions and periodic transgressions. The 1962 Sino-Indian War, stemming from these border disagreements, continues to cast a long shadow. Key disputed areas include Aksai Chin (claimed by India but controlled by China) and Arunachal Pradesh (claimed by China as South Tibet).
2. Political and Strategic Competition
India and China are rising powers with competing geopolitical interests. China’s growing influence in South Asia, particularly through initiatives like the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), is viewed with concern in India. India’s strengthening strategic partnership with the United States, Japan, and Australia (through the Quad) is perceived by China as an attempt to contain its rise.
3. Economic Factors
While bilateral trade between India and China is substantial (over $135 billion in 2023 – *knowledge cutoff 2024*), a significant trade imbalance exists in China’s favour. India has concerns about unfair trade practices, market access restrictions, and the impact of Chinese investments on its domestic industries. The ban on several Chinese apps in 2020, citing national security concerns, further strained economic ties.
4. Security Concerns
China’s increasing military presence along the LAC, coupled with its naval expansion in the Indian Ocean region, raises security concerns for India. China’s close relationship with Pakistan, including military cooperation and support for Pakistan’s nuclear program, is also a source of anxiety for India. The development of infrastructure along the border by China, perceived as dual-use (civilian and military), adds to these concerns.
5. Tibet Issue
India provides refuge to the Dalai Lama and a significant Tibetan diaspora. China views this as interference in its internal affairs and a challenge to its sovereignty. The Tibetan issue remains a sensitive point in bilateral relations.
Possibilities of Improving Relationship
1. Enhanced Dialogue and Communication
Regular high-level dialogues, including those between military commanders, are essential to manage border disputes and prevent escalation. Establishing a clear hotline communication mechanism can facilitate quick responses during crises. A dedicated mechanism for discussing strategic concerns and addressing mutual misperceptions is also needed.
2. Confidence-Building Measures (CBMs)
Implementing CBMs along the LAC, such as advance notification of military exercises and adherence to existing border protocols, can reduce the risk of accidental clashes. Joint patrols and mapping exercises can help clarify the LAC.
3. Economic Cooperation
Despite political tensions, economic cooperation can serve as a stabilizing factor. Addressing the trade imbalance through increased Indian exports to China and promoting joint ventures can benefit both countries. Exploring opportunities for cooperation in areas like renewable energy and digital technology can further strengthen economic ties.
4. People-to-People Exchanges
Promoting cultural exchanges, educational programs, and tourism can foster greater understanding and goodwill between the two societies. Easing visa restrictions and facilitating travel can encourage people-to-people contact.
5. Multilateral Cooperation
India and China can cooperate on global issues such as climate change, counter-terrorism, and pandemic preparedness through multilateral forums like the UN, G20, and BRICS. This can build trust and demonstrate a shared commitment to addressing common challenges.
Conclusion
Improving India-China relations is a complex undertaking requiring sustained effort, mutual sensitivity, and a long-term perspective. While the challenges are significant, the potential benefits of a stable and cooperative relationship are immense, not only for the two countries but also for regional and global peace and prosperity. A pragmatic approach focusing on managing differences, building trust, and expanding cooperation in areas of mutual interest is crucial for navigating this complex relationship.
Answer Length
This is a comprehensive model answer for learning purposes and may exceed the word limit. In the exam, always adhere to the prescribed word count.