Model Answer
0 min readIntroduction
Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) is a systematic approach to identifying, assessing and reducing the risks of disaster. India, being highly vulnerable to a wide range of natural disasters, has been proactively involved in DRR efforts. Prior to 2015, India’s DRR strategies were largely guided by the Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) 2005-2015. Following the adoption of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (SFDRR) 2015-2030, India has aligned its policies and programs to the new global framework, emphasizing a more holistic and proactive approach to disaster management. This answer will detail these measures and highlight the key differences between the two frameworks.
DRR Measures in India Before the Sendai Framework (2005-2015)
Before the Sendai Framework, India’s DRR efforts were primarily reactive, focusing on relief and rehabilitation. However, some proactive measures were also undertaken:
- National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) (2005): Established as the apex body for disaster management, responsible for laying down policies and guidelines.
- National Policy on Disaster Management (2009): Outlined a comprehensive approach to disaster management, emphasizing prevention, mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery.
- The Disaster Management Act, 2005: Provided a legal framework for disaster management in India, establishing institutions and mechanisms at the national, state, and local levels.
- National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM): Focused on capacity building and training in disaster management.
- Early Warning Systems: Development of early warning systems for cyclones, floods, and earthquakes, though with limited coverage and effectiveness.
DRR Measures in India After the Sendai Framework (2015-Present)
Post-Sendai Framework, India has shifted towards a more proactive and holistic DRR approach, integrating disaster risk considerations into development planning:
- Alignment with SFDRR: India has aligned its National Disaster Management Plan (NDMP) with the seven global targets of the Sendai Framework.
- National Disaster Risk Index (NDRI): Launched in 2019, the NDRI provides a comprehensive assessment of disaster risk across different states and districts.
- Strengthening Early Warning Systems: Expansion and modernization of early warning systems, including the development of end-to-end warning systems for floods, cyclones, and heatwaves.
- National Cyclone Risk Mitigation Project (NCRMP): Implemented by the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), focuses on reducing cyclone vulnerability in coastal areas.
- Capacity Building: Increased focus on capacity building at all levels, including training of community volunteers and government officials.
- Mainstreaming DRR: Integrating DRR into development sectors like infrastructure, agriculture, and health.
- Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY): Houses built under PMAY are designed to be disaster-resilient.
Comparison of Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) and Sendai Framework for DRR (SFDRR)
| Feature | Hyogo Framework for Action (2005-2015) | Sendai Framework for DRR (2015-2030) |
|---|---|---|
| Focus | Primarily on reducing disaster losses in terms of lives, livelihoods, and assets. | Shifts focus to reducing disaster *risk* – the underlying causes of vulnerability and exposure. |
| Scope | Focused mainly on natural disasters. | Broader scope, encompassing natural, technological, and biological hazards, as well as health disasters. |
| Approach | Largely reactive, emphasizing response and recovery. | Proactive and preventative, emphasizing risk reduction, preparedness, and building resilience. |
| Targets | Five priority areas for action. | Seven global targets with specific indicators for monitoring progress. |
| Emphasis | Institutional strengthening and community participation. | Governance of disaster risk reduction, investment in DRR, and resilience of infrastructure. |
Conclusion
India has made significant strides in DRR, evolving from a primarily reactive approach under the Hyogo Framework to a more proactive and holistic approach aligned with the Sendai Framework. While substantial progress has been made in strengthening institutional mechanisms and early warning systems, challenges remain in mainstreaming DRR into development planning and ensuring effective implementation at the grassroots level. Continued investment in risk assessment, capacity building, and community participation is crucial for building a disaster-resilient India.
Answer Length
This is a comprehensive model answer for learning purposes and may exceed the word limit. In the exam, always adhere to the prescribed word count.