Model Answer
0 min readIntroduction
Water is a critical resource for both India and Bangladesh, with numerous rivers originating in India and flowing through Bangladesh. This shared hydrological dependence necessitates robust hydro-cooperation. While the Ganga Water Treaty of 1996 exists, it addresses only one aspect of the broader water relationship. Recent floods in Bangladesh, exacerbated by upstream water management in India, have underscored the urgency for a more comprehensive and collaborative approach. Realizing effective hydro-cooperation requires a multi-faceted strategy encompassing data sharing, joint infrastructure development, and dispute resolution mechanisms.
Legal and Institutional Frameworks
Strengthening the existing legal and institutional frameworks is paramount. This includes:
- Expanding the scope of the Ganga Water Treaty: Beyond water sharing during the dry season, the treaty should incorporate provisions for flood management, basin-level planning, and environmental flows.
- Comprehensive Water Sharing Agreements: Negotiating agreements for other major rivers like the Teesta, Brahmaputra, and common ground water resources. The Teesta agreement remains stalled due to internal political considerations in India.
- Joint River Commissions (JRC): Revitalizing and empowering JRCs with adequate resources and decision-making authority. Regular meetings and transparent data sharing are essential.
- Transboundary Water Governance Framework: Developing a comprehensive framework based on principles of equitable and reasonable utilization, no significant harm, and cooperative management, as outlined in the UN Watercourses Convention (though India hasn’t ratified it).
Technical Cooperation and Infrastructure Development
Technical cooperation and joint infrastructure projects can enhance water management capabilities:
- Real-time Data Sharing: Establishing a robust system for real-time data sharing on river flows, rainfall patterns, and reservoir levels. This requires investment in monitoring infrastructure and data communication networks.
- Joint Flood Forecasting and Warning Systems: Developing integrated flood forecasting and warning systems that leverage data from both countries. This can significantly reduce the impact of floods in Bangladesh.
- River Basin Management Plans: Formulating integrated river basin management plans that consider the ecological and socio-economic needs of both countries.
- Joint Infrastructure Projects: Exploring joint projects for irrigation, hydropower generation, and flood control. The proposed linking of rivers, while controversial, requires careful consideration of its potential impact on Bangladesh.
Addressing Transboundary Challenges
Several transboundary challenges require specific attention:
- Sedimentation: Increased sedimentation in the rivers due to deforestation and upstream activities impacts navigability and water quality. Joint efforts are needed to address this issue.
- Pollution: Industrial and agricultural pollution from India affects water quality in Bangladesh. Strengthening environmental regulations and promoting sustainable practices are crucial.
- Climate Change: Climate change is exacerbating water-related challenges, including increased frequency of floods and droughts. Adaptation measures and climate-resilient infrastructure are essential.
- Groundwater Management: Jointly managing groundwater resources to prevent over-extraction and ensure sustainable use.
Political Considerations
Political will and trust-building are essential for successful hydro-cooperation. This requires:
- Regular High-Level Dialogues: Maintaining regular high-level dialogues between the two countries to address water-related issues.
- People-to-People Exchanges: Promoting people-to-people exchanges to foster understanding and build trust.
- Addressing Political Sensitivities: Recognizing and addressing the political sensitivities surrounding water sharing, particularly in the context of elections and domestic political pressures.
Conclusion
Realizing hydro-cooperation between India and Bangladesh is not merely a technical or legal challenge, but a political one requiring sustained commitment and a long-term vision. Strengthening institutional mechanisms, enhancing data sharing, and addressing transboundary challenges through collaborative projects are crucial steps. A shift towards a more integrated and basin-level approach, prioritizing the needs of both nations, will pave the way for a more sustainable and equitable water future for the region. Continued dialogue and trust-building are essential for overcoming existing hurdles and fostering a mutually beneficial partnership.
Answer Length
This is a comprehensive model answer for learning purposes and may exceed the word limit. In the exam, always adhere to the prescribed word count.