Model Answer
0 min readIntroduction
The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) notification of 2006 in India mandates a systematic evaluation of the environmental impacts of any development project before its commencement. While the process aims for sustainable development, its effectiveness is often challenged. Environmental Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and activists play a crucial role in scrutinizing EIAs, raising concerns about potential ecological damage, and advocating for more robust environmental safeguards. They act as vital checks on governmental and corporate actions, leveraging public participation and legal avenues to influence EIA outcomes, often acting as watchdogs and amplifying the voices of affected communities. Their interventions range from submitting objections to conducting independent impact assessments and mobilizing public opinion.
Role of Environmental NGOs and Activists in Influencing EIA Outcomes
Environmental NGOs and activists influence EIA outcomes through several mechanisms:
- Public Participation: Utilizing provisions for public consultation in the EIA process.
- Legal Challenges: Filing Public Interest Litigations (PILs) in courts challenging EIA clearances.
- Independent Research & Advocacy: Conducting independent environmental assessments and disseminating findings.
- Media Advocacy: Raising awareness through media campaigns and public protests.
Examples of NGO/Activist Influence on EIA Outcomes
1. Narmada Bachao Andolan (NBA) & Sardar Sarovar Dam Project (1985-2000s)
Project: The Sardar Sarovar Dam project on the Narmada River, a large-scale hydroelectric project. NGO/Activist Involvement: Medha Patkar and the NBA led a sustained campaign against the dam, arguing it would displace a large number of people without adequate rehabilitation and cause significant environmental damage. Issues Raised: Displacement of tribal communities, submergence of forests, and inadequate resettlement plans. Outcome: The NBA’s protests and legal challenges led to several interventions by the Supreme Court, resulting in revised rehabilitation policies and a phased construction approach. While the dam was eventually completed, the movement significantly improved the conditions for displaced people and highlighted the social and environmental costs of large dams.
2. Greenpeace & Sterlite Copper Plant, Thoothukudi (2018)
Project: Expansion of the Sterlite Copper smelting plant in Thoothukudi, Tamil Nadu. NGO/Activist Involvement: Greenpeace India, along with local activists, campaigned against the expansion, citing severe air and water pollution. Issues Raised: Air and water pollution impacting local communities, health hazards, and violation of environmental regulations. Outcome: Mass protests, fueled by NGO advocacy and public awareness, led to the Tamil Nadu government ordering the closure of the plant in May 2018 following police firing that resulted in fatalities. The plant remains closed as of 2023, demonstrating the power of sustained activism.
3. Wildlife Trust of India (WTI) & Ken-Betwa River Linking Project (2016-Present)
Project: The Ken-Betwa river linking project, aimed at transferring water from the Ken River to the Betwa River. NGO/Activist Involvement: WTI and other conservation groups raised concerns about the project’s impact on the Panna Tiger Reserve. Issues Raised: Potential loss of tiger habitat, disruption of the ecosystem, and impact on endangered species. Outcome: The project faced delays and required modifications to its design to mitigate environmental impacts. The National Board for Wildlife (NBWL) imposed stringent conditions for approval, including a comprehensive wildlife management plan and monitoring mechanisms. The project is still ongoing with continued scrutiny.
4. Vanashakti & Mumbai Trans Harbour Sea Link (MTHSL) Phase II (2020-Present)
Project: Phase II of the Mumbai Trans Harbour Sea Link, a large infrastructure project. NGO/Activist Involvement: Vanashakti, a Mumbai-based environmental NGO, challenged the EIA clearance granted to the project. Issues Raised: Destruction of mangrove forests, impact on marine biodiversity, and inadequate assessment of cumulative environmental impacts. Outcome: The National Green Tribunal (NGT) directed the project proponent to conduct a fresh EIA addressing the concerns raised by Vanashakti and other stakeholders. This demonstrates the NGT’s role in ensuring compliance with environmental regulations and the effectiveness of NGO interventions in challenging inadequate EIAs.
Conclusion
Environmental NGOs and activists are indispensable in ensuring the integrity of the EIA process in India. Their interventions, through public participation, legal challenges, and advocacy, contribute to more informed decision-making and better environmental outcomes. However, challenges remain, including limited access to information, bureaucratic hurdles, and the influence of powerful economic interests. Strengthening the EIA process, promoting transparency, and empowering local communities are crucial for enhancing the effectiveness of environmental governance in India and ensuring sustainable development.
Answer Length
This is a comprehensive model answer for learning purposes and may exceed the word limit. In the exam, always adhere to the prescribed word count.