UPSC MainsMANAGEMENT-PAPER-II202510 Marks
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Q4.

Cost-Benefit Analysis of Preventive Maintenance Contract

1. (d) A Tech Solutions is a mid-sized IT consulting company specializing in automated HR and payroll systems for small business. The company has successfully digitized most of its operations, relying heavily on its internal computer systems for payroll processing and report generations. However, despite its automation efforts, the computer system has experienced periodic failures. Over the past 20 months, the computer system has broken down as indicated in the table below :

Number of Breakdowns Number of months that Breakdown occurred
0 4
1 8
2 6
3 2

Each breakdown results in an average loss of ₹4500/- due to time delay and technical service expenses. As a preventive measure, company is considering a monthly service contract for preventive maintenance. If they sign up for the contract, the average number of breakdowns is expected to decrease to 1 per month, and the contract would cost ₹3300/- per month.

Based on the given information, advise that the company should go for contract for preventive maintenance or not?

How to Approach

The approach to this question involves a cost-benefit analysis. First, calculate the current expected monthly loss due to system breakdowns. Then, calculate the expected monthly cost if the preventive maintenance contract is adopted, including the contract fee and the reduced breakdown losses. Finally, compare these two costs to determine the financially optimal decision for the company.

Model Answer

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Introduction

In today's digitally-driven business landscape, the reliability of IT infrastructure is paramount, especially for companies like A Tech Solutions that specialize in automated systems. Unforeseen system failures can lead to significant operational disruptions and financial losses, impacting productivity and client satisfaction. This scenario presents a classic decision-making problem in operations management, where a company must evaluate the financial viability of investing in preventive measures to mitigate potential risks. The core challenge lies in quantifying the costs associated with both maintaining the status quo (dealing with breakdowns as they occur) and proactively preventing them through a service contract.

Decision Analysis for Preventive Maintenance Contract

To advise A Tech Solutions on whether to sign up for the preventive maintenance contract, a thorough cost analysis comparing the current scenario with the proposed contract scenario is essential. The objective is to minimize the total expected monthly cost related to system breakdowns.

1. Current Expected Monthly Loss due to Breakdowns

First, we need to calculate the average number of breakdowns per month over the past 20 months. We use the provided data to determine the total number of breakdowns and then divide by the total number of months.

Number of Breakdowns (x) Number of Months (f) f * x (Total Breakdowns)
0 4 0
1 8 8
2 6 12
3 2 6
Total 20 26
  • Total number of breakdowns over 20 months: 26
  • Total number of months: 20
  • Average number of breakdowns per month (Current): Total Breakdowns / Total Months = 26 / 20 = 1.3 breakdowns per month

Given that each breakdown results in an average loss of ₹4500/-:

  • Current expected monthly loss due to breakdowns: Average breakdowns per month * Loss per breakdown
  • Current expected monthly loss = 1.3 * ₹4500 = ₹5850/-

2. Expected Monthly Cost with Preventive Maintenance Contract

If A Tech Solutions signs up for the contract, the following changes are expected:

  • Average number of breakdowns is expected to decrease to: 1 per month
  • Contract cost: ₹3300/- per month

Now, calculate the expected monthly loss due to breakdowns with the contract:

  • Expected monthly loss due to breakdowns (with contract): New average breakdowns per month * Loss per breakdown
  • Expected monthly loss = 1 * ₹4500 = ₹4500/-

The total expected monthly cost with the preventive maintenance contract will be the sum of the contract cost and the expected monthly loss due to the remaining breakdowns:

  • Total expected monthly cost (with contract): Contract cost + Expected monthly loss due to breakdowns
  • Total expected monthly cost = ₹3300 + ₹4500 = ₹7800/-

3. Comparison and Recommendation

Let's compare the costs of both scenarios:

  • Current expected monthly cost: ₹5850/-
  • Expected monthly cost with preventive maintenance contract: ₹7800/-

Based on this financial analysis, the current expected monthly loss (₹5850) is lower than the expected monthly cost with the preventive maintenance contract (₹7800).

Conclusion and Advice

Based solely on the provided financial information and the calculated expected monthly costs, A Tech Solutions should not go for the preventive maintenance contract. Signing the contract would increase their total expected monthly expenditure related to system operations from ₹5850 to ₹7800.

However, it is crucial to acknowledge that this analysis is purely quantitative. Other qualitative factors, though not explicitly provided for calculation, might influence the final decision. These could include:

  • Reputational Damage: Frequent breakdowns, even if financially managed, can erode client trust and damage the company's reputation as an IT consulting firm.
  • Employee Morale and Productivity: System failures can cause frustration among employees and lead to lost productivity beyond the direct financial cost calculated.
  • Risk Aversion: Some companies prefer a fixed, predictable cost (like a contract) over variable, unpredictable losses, even if the expected value is higher.
  • Severity of Breakdowns: The average loss per breakdown might not capture the full impact of severe, long-duration outages.
  • Future Growth and Scalability: A more stable system might be crucial for future expansion and handling increased workload.

While the current financial model suggests not taking the contract, A Tech Solutions should consider these qualitative aspects before making a final decision. If the unquantified costs (e.g., reputation, morale) are deemed significant, the contract might still be a worthwhile investment despite the higher direct financial outlay shown in this analysis.

Conclusion

The quantitative analysis reveals that A Tech Solutions' current expected monthly loss due to system breakdowns is ₹5850, which is less than the ₹7800 monthly cost associated with adopting the preventive maintenance contract. Therefore, from a purely financial perspective, the company should not proceed with the contract. However, this advice is limited by its quantitative scope. Strategic decision-making in operations management often requires balancing financial metrics with qualitative factors such as reputation, client satisfaction, and employee morale, which could potentially justify a higher expenditure for enhanced system reliability and operational stability.

Answer Length

This is a comprehensive model answer for learning purposes and may exceed the word limit. In the exam, always adhere to the prescribed word count.

Additional Resources

Key Definitions

Operations Management
Operations management is the administration of business practices to create the highest level of efficiency possible within an organization. It is concerned with converting materials and labor into goods and services as efficiently as possible to maximize the profit of an organization.
Preventive Maintenance
Preventive maintenance is maintenance that is regularly performed on equipment to lessen the likelihood of it failing. It is performed while the equipment is still working so that it does not break down unexpectedly.

Key Statistics

A 2023 report by IDC indicated that unplanned downtime costs businesses globally an estimated $1.5 trillion annually due to lost productivity and revenue, highlighting the critical need for reliable IT infrastructure.

Source: IDC Report (Various sources referencing IDC's annual IT spending and downtime cost analysis)

A study by Gartner revealed that the average cost of IT downtime is $5,600 per minute, underscoring the severe financial implications of system failures for businesses of all sizes.

Source: Gartner (Referenced in various IT industry articles)

Examples

Impact of IT Downtime on E-commerce

A major e-commerce platform experienced a 30-minute outage during a peak shopping event. While the direct cost of fixing the issue was minimal, the company estimated a loss of several million dollars in sales, along with significant reputational damage and customer frustration, illustrating that direct breakdown costs often underestimate the true business impact.

Benefits of Proactive IT Maintenance in Healthcare

A hospital implemented a proactive IT maintenance schedule for its electronic health record (EHR) systems. This reduced critical system outages by 70%, ensuring continuous access to patient data, improving patient care coordination, and avoiding potential fines associated with data unavailability, despite the initial investment in the maintenance program.

Frequently Asked Questions

What are the limitations of a purely quantitative analysis in such decision-making?

Purely quantitative analyses might overlook crucial qualitative factors such as reputational damage, employee morale, customer satisfaction, and the long-term strategic implications of operational stability. These non-monetary aspects can significantly influence a company's success and market perception, making a holistic evaluation essential.

How can A Tech Solutions improve its decision-making process for future similar scenarios?

A Tech Solutions could develop a more comprehensive risk assessment framework that includes qualitative factors, assign monetary values to intangible costs (e.g., reputation cost per hour of downtime), conduct sensitivity analysis on breakdown costs and frequencies, and potentially explore different types of service contracts with varying levels of coverage and cost.

Topics Covered

Operations ManagementDecision MakingCost AnalysisRisk ManagementMaintenance StrategiesBusiness Operations