भूमिका
As per the CGWB Dynamic Groundwater Assessment Report 2025, India's Stage of Groundwater Extraction stands at 60.63%, with 11.1% of assessment units categorized as 'Over-exploited'. Reversing this depletion requires a systematic shift from ad-hoc measures to data-driven scientific management to ensure long-term ecological security.
1. Scientific & Technological Interventions (Supply-Side)
Supply-side measures focus on enhancing natural and artificial replenishment of underground aquifers using advanced technology.
- Advanced Aquifer Mapping: Expanding NAQUIM 2.0 (National Aquifer Mapping) utilizing 3D modeling and heli-borne geophysics for high-granularity identification of potential recharge zones up to the Panchayat level.
- Geospatial Technologies: Utilizing GIS and Remote Sensing (e.g., ISRO’s Bhuvan) to map hydro-geomorphology, lineaments, and soil permeability to locate optimal sites for check dams and percolation tanks.
- Artificial Recharge Mechanisms: Deploying specialized techniques like Recharge Shafts, Aquifer Storage and Recovery (ASR), and cement-sealing technology for urban and coastal aquifers where natural percolation is restricted.
2. Demand-Side Management & Institutional Framework
Controlling the consumption of groundwater is as crucial as recharging it, requiring institutional and agricultural reforms.
- Precision Agriculture: Shifting from flood irrigation to sensor/SCADA-based micro-irrigation under PM Krishi Sinchayee Yojana.
- Cropping Pattern Realignment: Replacing water-intensive crops (paddy/sugarcane) with climate-smart crops (millets/pulses) in over-exploited regions such as Punjab and Haryana.
- Participatory Groundwater Management: Strengthening behavioral change, local water budgeting, and community-led conservation through the Atal Bhujal Yojana and the Jal Sanchay Jan Bhagidari initiatives.
निष्कर्ष
Sustainable groundwater management requires transitioning from blind extraction to scientific governance. Integrating modern technology with community-led demand-side management focusing on reduce, reuse, and recharge is vital for achieving India’s long-term water security and Sustainable Development Goal 6.