UPSC Prelims 2011·GS1·history·modern history

Which amongst the following provided a common factor for tribal insurrection in India in the 19th century?

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  1. AIntroduction of a new system of land revenue and taxation of tribal products
  2. BInfluence of foreign religious missionaries in tribal areas
  3. CRise of a large number of money lenders, traders and revenue farmers as middlemen in tribal areas
  4. DThe complete disruption of the old agrarian order of the tribal communitiesCorrect

Explanation

The correct answer is D because it is the most comprehensive and inclusive option. While factors like new taxes, missionary activities, and the influx of middlemen were significant grievances, they were individual components of a much larger shift. The term complete disruption of the old agrarian order encompasses all these changes, including the loss of traditional land rights, the end of the joint ownership system known as Khuntkatti, and the transformation of tribal lands into private property. This total breakdown of their established way of life acted as the overarching cause that united various tribal groups in rebellion against British rule and outside interference.
history: Which amongst the following provided a common factor for tribal insurrection in India in the 19th century?

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