The historian Barani refused to consider the state in India under Delhi Sultans as truly Islamic because
- Athe majority of the population did not follow Islam
- Bthe Muslims theologists were often disregardedCorrect
- Cthe Sultan supplemented the Muslim law by framing his own regulations
- Dreligious freedom was accorded to non-Muslims
Explanation
Ziauddin Barani, a contemporary chronicler of the Delhi Sultanate, was a staunch conservative who believed that the state should be governed strictly according to the Shariat and the advice of the Ulema. He criticized the Delhi Sultans because they often prioritized political necessity and administrative stability over religious dictates. According to Barani, the Sultans were more concerned with secular state laws known as Zawabit and frequently ignored the opinions of Muslim theologians when making policy decisions. Therefore, he argued the state was not truly Islamic because the religious scholars did not hold the ultimate influence over the Sultans actions.
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