All actions to address climate change ultimately involve costs. Funding is vital in order for countries like India to design and implement adaptation and mitigation plans and projects. The problem is more severe for developing countries like India, which would be one of the hardest hit by climate change, given its need to finance development. Most countries do indeed treat climate change as real threat and are striving to address it in a more comprehensive and integrated manner with the limited resources at their disposal. With reference to the above passage, the following assumptions have been made: 1. Climate change is not a challenge for developed countries. 2. Climate change is a complex policy issue and also a development issue for many countries. 3. Ways and means of finance must be found to enable developing countries to enhance their adaptive capacity. Which of the above assumptions is/are valid?

The correct answer is C because assumptions 2 and 3 are valid based on the passage. Analysis of Assumptions: 1. Climate change is not a challenge for developed countries. This assumption is invalid. The passage states, "Most countries do indeed treat climate change as real threat and are striving to address it in a more comprehensive and integrated manner with the limited resources at their disposal." The phrase "Most countries" includes developed nations, indicating that they also face climate change as a challenge, even if the problem is "more severe" for developing countries. 2. Climate change is a complex policy issue and also a development issue for many countries. This assumption is valid. The passage mentions "design and implement adaptation and mitigation plans and projects," implying a policy dimension. It also explicitly states the problem is "more severe for developing countries like India... given its need to finance development," directly linking climate change to development issues and the challenge of financing. The need for a "comprehensive and integrated manner" also suggests complexity. 3. Ways and means of finance must be found to enable developing countries to enhance their adaptive capacity. This assumption is valid. The passage clearly states, "Funding is vital in order for countries like India to design and implement adaptation and mitigation plans and projects." Adaptation plans directly relate to enhancing adaptive capacity. The passage highlights the severity of the problem for developing countries due to their need to finance development, further emphasizing the critical role of finance for climate action. Therefore, only assumptions 2 and 3 are valid.