In India, why are some nuclear reactors kept under "IAEA Safeguards" while others are not?

India has a unique nuclear program with a distinction between its civilian and strategic nuclear facilities. The reason some nuclear reactors in India are under "IAEA Safeguards" while others are not stems from the source of the nuclear fuel: Reactors using imported uranium: These reactors are subject to IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency) safeguards. This arrangement is part of India's commitment under its various bilateral and multilateral agreements with nuclear suppliers, allowing it to engage in international nuclear commerce despite not being a signatory to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) as a nuclear-weapon state. The safeguards ensure that imported nuclear material is used only for peaceful purposes. Reactors using domestic uranium: These reactors are not under IAEA safeguards. They are part of India's indigenous three-stage nuclear power program and are used for both civilian and strategic purposes. India maintains the right to use these facilities and the indigenously produced nuclear material for its strategic autonomy. This dual arrangement allows India to benefit from international nuclear cooperation while preserving the confidentiality of its strategic program.