Consider the following statements: 1. In a seismograph, P waves are recorded earlier than S waves. 2. In P waves, the individual particles vibrate to and fro in the direction of wave propagation whereas in S waves, the particles vibrate up and down at right angles to the direction of wave propagation. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Let's analyze the statements regarding seismic waves: 1. In a seismograph, P waves are recorded earlier than S waves. This statement is correct. P-waves (Primary waves) are compressional waves that travel through solids, liquids, and gases. They are the fastest seismic waves. S-waves (Secondary waves) are shear waves that can only travel through solids and are slower than P-waves. Consequently, P-waves are always the first to arrive and be recorded by a seismograph after an earthquake. 2. In P waves, the individual particles vibrate to and fro in the direction of wave propagation whereas in S waves, the particles vibrate up and down at right angles to the direction of wave propagation. This statement is correct. This accurately describes the nature of P-waves as longitudinal waves (particle motion is parallel to wave direction, causing compression and rarefaction) and S-waves as transverse waves (particle motion is perpendicular to wave direction, causing shaking or shearing). Both statements are correct.