What is the use of biochar in farming? 1. Biochar can be used as a part of the growing medium in vertical farming. 2. When biochar is a part of the growing medium, it promotes the growth of nitrogen-fixing microorganisms. 3. When biochar is a part of the growing medium, it enables the growing medium to retain water for longer time. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Biochar is a charcoal-like substance made from biomass pyrolysis (heating biomass in the absence of oxygen). It is increasingly recognized for its benefits in agriculture. All three statements correctly describe the uses and advantages of biochar in farming: 1. Biochar can be used as a part of the growing medium in vertical farming: Vertical farming systems often use soilless growing mediums. Biochar's porous structure and ability to retain nutrients and water make it an excellent amendment for such mediums, improving aeration and providing a stable environment for root growth. This makes it highly suitable for vertical farming applications. 2. When biochar is a part of the growing medium, it promotes the growth of nitrogen-fixing microorganisms: Biochar provides a stable, porous habitat with a large surface area, creating favorable conditions for beneficial soil microorganisms, including nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Its often alkaline pH and unique surface chemistry can enhance microbial colonization and activity, thereby contributing to natural nitrogen fixation in the soil. 3. When biochar is a part of the growing medium, it enables the growing medium to retain water for longer time: The highly porous and sponge-like structure of biochar allows it to absorb and hold a significant amount of water. When mixed into soil or a growing medium, it significantly improves the water retention capacity, making water more consistently available to plant roots and reducing the frequency of irrigation. This is particularly beneficial in drought-prone areas or water-efficient systems. Therefore, all the statements highlight valid and recognized uses and benefits of biochar in modern agricultural practices.