Which of the following international conventions have not been ratified by India ? 1. Employment Policy Convention 2. Abolition of Forced Labour Convention 3. International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families 4. Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War 5. Convention on Reduction of Statelessness Select the answer using the code given below :

The question requires identifying the international conventions that India has not ratified. The official intended answer is Option D (3, 4, and 5).

Why Option D is correct:

• Statement 3 (Not Ratified): India is not a party to the UN International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families (1990). India manages migration via bilateral agreements and domestic legislation like the Emigration Act of 1983.
• Statement 4 (Not Ratified - Contextual Nuance): While India ratified the foundational 1949 Fourth Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War on November 9, 1950, it firmly refuses to sign its 1977 Additional Protocols (Protocols I and II). These protocols expand the legal framework for civilian protection in armed conflicts. Standard exam questions routinely use this to test India's non-ratification of the expanded protocols, making Statement 4 the intended correct choice in this grouping.
• Statement 5 (Not Ratified): Citing national security and sovereignty, India has never ratified the 1961 Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness (nor the related 1954 Statelessness Convention and 1951 Refugee Convention).

Why the other options are incorrect: Options A, B, and C incorrectly include International Labour Organization (ILO) conventions that India has already ratified.

• Statement 1 (Ratified): India ratified the ILO Employment Policy Convention (Convention No. 122) on November 17, 1998, committing to active policies promoting full and productive employment.
• Statement 2 (Ratified): India ratified the core ILO Abolition of Forced Labour Convention (Convention No. 105) on May 18, 2000, bringing it in alignment with Article 23 of the Indian Constitution.

Takeaway: India willingly ratifies ILO conventions once domestic laws are aligned (currently ratifying 6 of 8 core ILO conventions). However, India consistently abstains from multilateral treaties on refugees, statelessness, and expanded armed conflict protocols to protect its strategic autonomy.