Question 33
AOptions
BSolution
Indigo cultivation in India experienced a significant decline by the beginning of the 20th century primarily due to economic and technological factors. The most crucial reason was the invention and mass production of synthetic indigo dyes in Germany during the late 19th century. This technological innovation made natural indigo cultivation in India largely unprofitable in the global market, as the synthetic dye was cheaper and easier to produce. While peasant resistance to the oppressive conduct of planters (like the Indigo Revolt of 1859-60, which falls outside the timeframe given in the question for the decline by the beginning of the 20th century) certainly occurred and highlighted the issues, the final and decisive blow to the industry's profitability and subsequent decline was the emergence of artificial dyes. Neither national leaders' opposition nor government control were the primary drivers of this specific decline by the 20th century.
CStrategy
When analyzing reasons for historical economic shifts, consider both internal factors (like peasant resistance) and external factors (like global market changes or technological advancements). Often, long-term economic decline is driven by fundamental changes in supply, demand, or production technology rather than solely by protests or political opposition.
DSyllabus Analysis
This question pertains to Modern Indian History, specifically the economic history under British rule and the impact of global economic changes and technological advancements on Indian agriculture.
EQuestion Analysis
Medium. Requires understanding the primary economic and technological drivers behind the decline of a specific colonial industry rather than just social or political aspects.